External focus of attention improves performance in a speeded aiming task |
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Authors: | Shana K Carpenter Keith R Lohse Alice F Healy Lyle E Bourne Benjamin A Clegg |
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Institution: | 1. Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, W112 Lagomarcino Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA;2. School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, 210-6081 University Boulevard, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1, Canada;3. Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, UCB 345, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA;4. Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA |
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Abstract: | Athletic skills are often executed better when learners focus attention externally (e.g., on the trajectory of the ball after a tennis serve), rather than internally (e.g., on the position of their arm) (e.g., Wulf, 2007a). The current study explored the effects of attention focus on learning of speeded responses, and examined whether these benefits hold for retention and transfer. Participants performed a computerized speeded aiming task while focusing on the direction of the cursor (external focus) versus the direction in which their hand moved the mouse (internal focus). One week later, half of the participants performed the same task again (retention), and half performed the task under conditions in which the mouse movements were changed (transfer). Relative to internal focus, external focus led to faster acquisition and better maintenance of speeded responses over the retention interval. |
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