儿童句子错误记忆:发展性逆转现象及精加工推理效应

为探究文本背景下句子错误记忆的发展性逆转现象及精加工推理效应，95名有效被试学习3篇文本材料后，参与由学过句、内涵推理句、外延推理句和无关句组成的再认测验。结果发现：（1）高中二年级被试学过句的正确再认率和关键诱饵句的校正的错误再认率均显著高于小学五年级和初中二年级，后二者差异不显著；（2）内涵推理句错误再认率高于外延推理句，高中二年级被试尤甚。结论：（1）句子真实记忆随着年龄增长而增加；句子错误记忆存在发展性逆转现象，初中二年级到高中二年级是句子错误记忆发展相对迅速的阶段；（2）文本背景下，不同的精加工推理诱发了不同程度的句子错误记忆，这种精加工推理效应与一般世界知识的自上而下激活的程度有关。

False Memory of Sentences in Children: Developmental Reversal and Effect of Elaborative Inferences in Texts

The phenomena of children's false memory of sentences in textual context such as developmental reversal and effect of elaborative inferences were explored by employing recognition paradigm in which 95 participants from 3 different age groups were tested on their recognition involving 4 types of sentences, namely, previously-learned, broadly-inferred, strictly-inferred and irrelevant sentences after studying 3 Chinese texts. Several results evolved from this study:(1) Both the rate of accurate recognition of previously-learned sentences and the corrected rate of false recognition of lure sentences of Grade 2 students in senior high school were significantly higher than those of Grade 5 students in elementary school and those of Grade 2 students in junior middle school while no such differences were found regarding the latter two age groups; (2) The rate of false recognition of broadly-inferred sentences was higher than that of strictly-inferred ones in all the aforementioned groups, especially true for Grade 2 students in senior high school. Several conclusions could be drawn from the foregoing results:(1) Developmental reversals in false memories of sentences take place in the three age groups of children in spite of the growth of veridical memories of sentences. Besides, false memories develop relatively faster in the period between the second year in junior high school and the second year in senior high school. (2) False memory of sentences in textual context could be significantly influenced by the categories of elaborative inferences which are made on the basis of the top-down process of activating general world knowledge and accordingly more false memories are activated by broad inferences than strict ones.