声音影响饮食行为:实证进展与理论构思

饮食行为包含个体对饮食的风味感知、口感评价、情绪感受、个人饮食偏好以及外显的进饮动作等一系列心理与行为过程。研究相继表明:声音主要通过影响人们对饮食的感官感受性与喜好程度来影响饮食行为。饮食行为中的声音信息包括内感受性线索(Interoceptive cues),即个体与饮食的交互音(如咀嚼食物声、吞咽饮品声,制作与准备饮食过程中的声音等);外感受性线索(exteroceptive cues),即环境音(主要指噪音)与背景音乐。行为研究结果普遍强调认知因素在声音与饮食间所起的作用,如注意的分散与转移、跨通道联结(匹配性效应)、期望与回避(潜在的音画效应)等。而神经科学则以"听-嗅-味"为突破口,从"多通道整合"的角度为理论间的争议寻求更为清晰的证据与潜在的内部机制;与此同时,情绪唤醒、躯体标示(内隐联结)与具身认知视角有望成为新的理论整合点。

Sound influence eating or drinking behavior: Empirical progress and theoretical ideas

Dietary behaviors consist of a series of psychological and behavior processes,such as sensing flavors,evaluating food's and drink's qualities or hedonic valuation,forming preferences for foods and drinks,as well as the explicit consuming actions and patterns.Dietary behaviors are influenced by sound,which,specifically,affects the sensitivity of the gustatory system and individuals' food preferences.Sounds contain inter-oceptive cues and exter-oceptive cues that directly affect dietary behaviors.Inter-oceptive cues refer to sounds created when one interacts with foods,such as chewing sound,swallowing sound and food preparation sound etc..Exter-oceptive cues refer to environmental or background sounds,such as music played in a restaurant.Studies have shown that the cffects of sound on dietary behaviors are essentially cognitive,involving,for example attention,sensory integration (the match effect),and familiarity and expectation (the potential tone painting effect).The interaction between sound and dietary behaviors has also been studied by neuroscientists,who aim to uncover the underlying mechanisms,and from the embodied cognitive perspective.Both are expected to provide insights about dietary behaviors.