Do animals dream? |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Psychology, University of East London, Stratford, UK;2. Institute of Culture & Environment, Alaska Pacific University, Anchorage, AK, USA;1. University of Oklahoma, United States;2. Center for Applied Social Research, United States;3. National Center for Risk and Resiliency, United States;4. Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany;1. Dream & Nightmare Laboratory, Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, Canada;2. Dept. Biomedical Sciences, Université de Montréal, Canada;3. Dept. Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Canada;1. School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland;2. 3Z Pharmaceuticals, Reykjavik, Iceland |
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| Abstract: | The understanding of biological functions of sleep has improved recently, including an understanding of the deep evolutionary roots of sleep among animals. However, dreaming as an element of sleep may be particularly difficult to address in non-human animals because in humans dreaming involves a non-wakeful form of awareness typically identified through verbal report. Here, we argue that parallels that exist between the phenomenology, physiology, and sleep behaviors during human dreaming provide an avenue to investigate dreaming in non-human animals. We review three alternative measurements of human dreaming – neural correlates of dreaming, ‘replay’ of newly-acquired memories, and dream-enacting behaviors – and consider how these may be applied to non-human animal models. We suggest that while animals close in brain structure to humans (such as mammals and birds) may be optimal models for the first two of these measurements, cephalopods, especially octopuses, may be particularly good candidates for the third. |
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| Keywords: | Dreaming Animal consciousness Dream-enacting behaviours Cephalopods |
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