Higher order training supporting competence,autonomy, relatedness (HOT-CAR): A model to improve learner drivers' higher order skills |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety – Queensland (CARRS-Q), Australia;2. Adolescent Risk Research Unit (ARRU), Sunshine Coast Mind and Neuroscience – Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast (USC), Australia;3. Consortium of Adolescent Road Safety (cadrosa.org);1. Sapir Academic College, Israel;2. Ariel University, Israel;1. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA;2. University of Michigan School of Public Health, MI, USA;3. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA;4. Diagnostic Driving, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, USA;5. Computer Science Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA;1. Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety – Queensland (CARRS-Q), 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia;2. University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing 418 Curie Boulevard, Room 414, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4217, United States;3. Center for Injury Research and Prevention Children''s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States;4. University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States;5. University of Pennsylvania, PENN Injury Science Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4217, United States;1. Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research & Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), 120 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia;2. School of Criminology and Criminal Justice and Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University (GU), Messines Ridge Road, Mt Gravatt, QLD, 4122, Australia;1. Road Safety Research Collaboration, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4556, Australia;2. Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety – Queensland (CARRS-Q), Australia |
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| Abstract: | Approaches to teaching young Learners to drive on-road often lack a strong, overarching theoretical framework. This paper proposes a transtheoretical model to guide instruction of higher-order skills – that are associated with reduced crash risk in young drivers – including established teaching techniques for effective instruction. Learnings from Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and the Goals for Driver Education framework (widely identified as best-practice but not effectively translated into practice) were integrated into the Higher Order Training supporting Competence, Autonomy, Relatedness (HOT-CAR) model. The model was empirically informed from naturalistic observation of professional in-vehicle lessons (n = 110) and a survey of young adolescent drivers (n = 1627). The HOT-CAR model is presented as a three-component framework that recognises learning to drive occurs within a broader system beyond the Learner and the instructor. The foundation of the model identifies the nature of the relationship between the Learner and the instructor that underlies the success of all other elements. The core of the model is the higher-order driving instruction approach including teaching strategies informed by SDT’s needs-supportive model. The context for the model incorporates some of the immediate considerations relevant to instruction; for example, the graduated driver licensing system, automated vehicle features, and peer influence. An example of the application of the model is provided to reflect the immediate practicality of the HOT-CAR model to driver training. This contributes to the limited road safety literature providing a practical solution to Learner driver training that has potential to reduce the crash risk of young novice drivers. Importantly, the model has potential to be applied and adapted to education and other training environments where higher-order skills are a safety–critical component. |
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| Keywords: | Higher-order skills Higher-order instruction Driver training Self-determination theory Goals for driver education Young driver |
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