Considering sex differences in anxiety and its disorders across the life span: A construct-validation approach |
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| Authors: | Barbara MacKinaw-Koons Michael W. Vasey |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica (LIIM), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil;2. Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil;3. Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States;4. Laboratório de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil;5. Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte Hospital, Belo Horizonte, Brazil;1. Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry of CNR, Padua Unit, Padua, Italy;2. Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry of CNR, Pozzuoli, Italy;3. Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom;4. Department of Clinical, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy |
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| Abstract: | One neglected avenue to understanding anxiety disorders is through studying patterns of sex differences, which may suggest the need for modification in definitions of anxiety and its disorders, their operationalization and measurement, and the theories associated with these constructs. This article begins with a comprehensive review of sex diffrences across the life span that supports the widely held view that most anxiety disorders are more common among females than males. Subsequently, we offer an analysis of the possible sources of sex differences from a construct-validity perspective, with emphasis on understanding whether sex differences have their basis in methodological problems, measurement or definitional problems, or problems in extant theories of anxiety themselves. |
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| Keywords: | Anxiety Anxiety disorders Gender differences Sex differences |
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