Abstract levels of motor control in prehension: Normal and pathological performance |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Orthopaedic and Traumatology Unit, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland;2. II Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy;3. Applied and Translational Research Center, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy;4. IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy;1. Rehabilitation Science Postgraduation Progam - Augusto Motta University Centre (UNISUAM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;2. Research Laboratory of Exercise Science, Centro de Educação Física Almirante Adalberto Nunes, Brazilian Navy, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;3. Postgraduate Program in Operational Human Performance, Brazilian Air Force University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;4. Physiotherapy Department - Federal Institute of Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;1. Population Council, New York, NY, USA;2. Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA;3. Center for Innovation in Brain Science, Tucson, AZ, USA;4. INSERM, University Paris-Sud, France;5. Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina;1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;2. Sports Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;3. Centre for Applied Biomechanics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;1. Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada;2. McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada;3. Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD, USA;4. The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA;1. Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium;3. Department of Physical Therapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain;4. Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium |
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| Abstract: | Voluntary motor pattern generation is typically assumed to be organized hierarchically, with an abstract (effector independent) upper level which constrains the lower levels. There are at least two advantages of such an organization: it allows the system to exploit its redundancy, and when controlling a very large number of degrees of freedom the burden of control can be distributed over a sequence of stages. Experiments are reviewed which provide a consistent body of evidence in support of the contention that there is an effector independent level of motor representation in prehension. This is consistent with a hierarchically organized motor pattern generator. One set of experiments demonstrated that during active movement of a hand-held load, the coupling of grip force with movement induced load force is independent of how the load is grasped or how it is actively moved. A second set of experiments demonstrated that the movement patterns observed during reach-to-grasp are preserved over changes in the effector system used. Extensions and replications of these experiments with Parkinson's patients illustrates the idea that neurological problems may affect different levels of the control hierarchy suggesting that these levels may be anatomically as well as functionally distinguishable.PsycINFO classification: 2330; 2520; 3297 |
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