Changes of lumbosacral joint compression force profile when walking caused by backpack loads |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong;2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong;1. Institute of Sport Science, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Germany;2. Institute for Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Germany;3. HFPS Humanergonomics UG, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, 24118, Kiel, Germany;1. Dept. of Computer and Information Science, University of Konstanz, Fach 697, 78457 Konstanz, Germany;2. Sensorimotor Performance Lab, Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany;1. Ergonomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research & Development Organization, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India;2. Nutrition Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research & Development Organization, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India;1. Discipline of Physiotherapy, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James''s Hospital, James''s St., Dublin 8, Ireland;2. Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Parsons Building, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland;3. School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, Health Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Bellfield, Dublin 4, Ireland;1. School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States;2. Biomedical Engineering, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA 92504, United States;3. School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States |
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| Abstract: | Walking with backpack loads induces additional mechanical stress on the spine and has been identified as a risk factor of lower-back pain. This study evaluated the effects of walking with backpack loads on the lumbosacral joint compression force profile in both the magnitude and time domains. Ten male adults geared with anatomical markers and trunk surface electromyographic sensors walked along a walkway embedded with three force plates with no load and various backpack loads (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% body weight). Lower-body movements, ground reaction forces, and trunk muscle activations were measured using a synchronized motion analysis, force plate, and surface electromyography system. The force profiles of identified gait cycles were predicted using an integrated inverse dynamic and electromyography-assisted optimization model and evaluated statistically. The results showed that as backpack load increased, the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles of force profiles escalated disproportionately. However, no significant changes were observed in the timing of the two peak force incidences. Such changes in the compression force might be an indication of the combined effects of the increase in both gravitational and mass moment of inertia of the system (body plus pack loads) when walking with a backpack. Pearson correlation coefficients of the force profiles between the five loading conditions were greater than 0.94. Strong associations between the force profiles at different backpack loads were confirmed. |
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| Keywords: | Walking Backpack Spine load Gait Force profile |
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