It Took Me by Surprise: Examining the Retroactive Enhancement Effect for Memory of Naturally Unfolding Events |
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| Institution: | 1. Williams College, USA;2. Northern Kentucky University, USA;3. University of Tasmania, Australia;1. ELTE Eotvos Lorand University;2. Claremont Graduate University;1. School of Psychology, University of Central, UK;2. School of Psychology, University of Leeds, UK;3. School of Psychology, University of the West of England, UK;4. Department of Psychology, University of Bedfordshire, UK;5. Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, UK;6. School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK;7. Institut für Experimentelle Psychologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany;8. School of Humanities, Language and Global Studies, University of Central, UK;9. Department of Psychology, University of Winchester, UK;10. Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden |
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| Abstract: | In two experiments, we examined how accurately participants remembered details from a naturalistic, first-person perspective film, which ended with the protagonist either encountering or not encountering an unexpected detail. Participants who watched the film with the unexpected detail at the end displayed superior accuracy for preceding event details compared to those who watched a film without such a detail. This retroactive enhancement effect generalized across both visual and auditory details, but it appeared contingent upon the unexpected detail being relevant to the event’s story. The effect occurred whether participants’ memory was tested immediately or after a two-day delay. The present findings can be seen as consistent with prior work on synaptic tagging and long-term potentiation, but the phenomenon of retroactive enhancement has not been demonstrated previously for naturally unfolding events. Implications of the findings are discussed in relation to eyewitness memory and intrusive memories in post-traumatic stress disorder. |
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