Memory, empathy, and interactive dimensions of psychoanalytic process.

How is psychoanalysis to deal with its ever widening field of clinical observations and the changing theoretical perspectives that may accompany them--e.g., those concerning intersubjectivity and empathy? Will it be necessary, as some suggest, to modify traditional theory and to abandon related principles of technique such as anonymity and abstinence? Detailed clinical examples of specific interactions are presented to illustrate the interrelated roles of memory, subjective interaction, and empathy. It is suggested that these clinical observations, which encompass newer perspectives, do not require new paradigms. Rather, they can for the present be comfortably accommodated within the purview of older observations, modern cognitive neuroscience, and traditional technical theory.