Predicting Change in Parenting Stress Across Early Childhood: Child and Maternal Factors |
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Authors: | Amanda P Williford Susan D Calkins Susan P Keane |
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Institution: | (1) University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 296 Eberhart Building, Greensboro, NC 27402-6164, USA |
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Abstract: | This study examined maternal parenting stress in a sample of 430 boys and girls including those at risk for externalizing
behavior problems. Children and their mothers were assessed when the children were ages 2, 4, and 5. Hierarchical linear modeling
(HLM) was used to examine stability of parenting stress across early childhood and to examine child and maternal factors predicting
parenting stress at age 2 and changes in parenting stress across time. Results indicated that single parenthood, maternal
psychopathology, child anger proneness, and child emotion dysregulation predicted 2-year parenting stress. Child externalizing
behaviors predicted initial status and changes across time in parenting stress. Stability of parenting stress was dependent
upon child externalizing problems, as well as interactions between child externalizing problems and gender, and child externalizing
problems and emotion regulation. Results are discussed in the context of mechanisms by which parenting stress may influence
the development of child externalizing behaviors. |
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Keywords: | Parenting stress Externalizing behavior Emotion regulation Hierarchical linear modeling Early childhood |
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