在家庭自由游戏和智力任务游戏中母亲对孩子的态度特征

采用家庭观察的方法，考察了61名3—4岁儿童在家庭环境中的两个情境——自由游戏和带有智力任务倾向的拼图游戏中，其母亲对他们的态度和行为的特征，结果发现：(1)母亲在2种类型的游戏中对待孩子的态度和行为可以从母亲对孩子的控制性(高控、低控)、温暖性(接受和拒绝)、言语交流和参与性4个维度做出评价。(2)当儿童的游戏从自由游戏转为带有智力任务倾向的游戏时，母亲对待孩子的态度和行为方式发生明显变化，直接要求、提问等高控行为增多，互相商量等低控行为减少；对孩子的拒绝行为和态度增强，而肯定、爱抚、积极情绪等接受行为减少；与孩子的言语交流和参与行为减少。(3)在上述2种游戏情境中，母亲对待孩子的态度表现出个别差异，在自由游戏情境中，42．6％的母亲为宽松型，32．8％的母亲为温暖型，24．6％的母亲为交流型。在带有智力任务倾向的游戏中，54％的母亲为宽松型，23％的母亲为低控型，23％的母亲为高控型。

MOTHER'S ATTITUDES TO THEIR CHILD IN FAMILY FREE-PLAY AND INTELLIGENCE-TASK-ORIENTED PLAY

In the present study 61 mothers' attitudes and behaviors to their child in family free play and intelligence task oriented play had been observed by using videotaped observation. Mothers' behaviors were coded through four dimensions: control behaviors, warmth, speech communication, and involvement. Results showed that when the child's play transmitted from free play to intelligence task oriented play, the mothers' attitudes and behaviors changed significantly: high control behaviors increased, low control behaviors decreased; more rejection behaviors and fewer acceptance behaviors appeared; speech communication and involvement behaviors also decreased. There were individual differences in the mothers in the two play sessions: there were 42.6% of permitted mothers, 32.8% of warmth mothers and 24.6% communication mothers in the free play session, and there were 54% of permitted mothers, 23% of communication mothers and 23% of high control mothers in the intelligence task oriented play session.