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Clinical and non-clinical hallucinations are similarly associated with source memory errors in a visual memory task

Institution:	1. Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain;2. Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain;3. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain;4. Servei de Psiquiatria, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain;1. Centre for Mental Health, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria 3122, Australia;2. Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria 3053, Australia;3. Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia;4. Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for Mental Health, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia;5. Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;6. Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia;7. Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King''s College London, UK;8. Centre for Neural Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia;9. Psychiatry, St Vincent''s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia;10. Schizophrenia Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia;11. Murdoch Children''s Research Institute, The Royal Children''s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia;12. Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia;13. Monash Alfred Psychiatry research centre (MAPrc), Monash University Central Clinical School and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne 3004 Australia;1. University College London, Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom;2. Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London, United Kingdom;3. Division of Neuroscience & Psychological Medicine, Imperial College School of Science, Technology and Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital, London W6 8RP, United Kingdom

Abstract:	Hallucinations have been found to be associated with various types of source memory failure in both schizophrenia patients and hallucination-prone healthy individuals. We investigated the associations of clinical and non-clinical hallucinations with source memory errors in a visual memory task that involved the remembering of picture presentation context. 59 schizophrenia patients and 61 healthy individuals took part in the study. Pictures were presented either at different locations or in association with different visual stimuli. The participants were required afterwards to recognize the target pictures among distractors, and then to remember their spatial location or the visual stimulus that was associated with them. Liberal response bias in picture recognition was associated with hallucination proneness and auditory-verbal hallucinations in subsamples of participants with significant non-clinical or clinical hallucinations. After controlling for overall memory performance, failure to remember the spatial location of the pictures was associated with visual hallucinations in male patients; failure to remember the associated visual stimulus was related to auditory-verbal hallucinations in female patients and to hallucination proneness in healthy women. The findings suggest that both clinical and non-clinical hallucinations are associated with loss of contextual information relative to the acquisition of events.

Keywords:	Schizophrenia Hallucinations Picture recognition Visuospatial context Gender effects Psychosis continuum
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