Sexual Harassment and its Impact for Women Officers and Cadets in the Swedish Armed Forces |
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| Authors: | Armando X Estrada Anders W Berggren |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Psychology , Washington State University , Vancouver , Washington;2. Department of Leadership and Management , Swedish National Defence College , Stockholm , Sweden |
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| Abstract: | We examined the incidence, dimensions, and impact of sexual harassment on women officers and cadets in the Swedish military (N = 324). We expected that harassment rates for direct measures would be lower than for indirect measures; hostile environment harassment would be more prevalent than quid pro quo harassment; and harassment would negatively influence women's job-related outcomes and their psychological and physical health. We found that harassment rates for direct measures were lower than indirect measures; hostile environment harassment was more prevalent than quid pro quo harassment; and harassment was associated with decreased job satisfaction, organizational commitment, work group effectiveness, and psychological and physical health. We discuss the theoretical, methodological, and practical implications of our findings for studying harassment across cultures. |
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