The effect of swinging the arms on muscle activation and production of leg force during ski skating at different skiing speeds |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Schlossallee 49, 5400 Hallein/Rif, Salzburg, Austria;2. Sports Technology Unit, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, Neuromuscular Research Centre, University of Jyväskylä, Kidekuja 2, Snowpolis, 88610 Vuokatti, Finland;3. Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Schwarzwaldstraße 175, 79117 Freiburg, Germany;1. Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systèmes, UMR CNRS 5513, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 36 avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully Cedex, France;2. PSA Peugeot Citroën, Centre technique de La Garenne Colombes, 18 rue des Fauvelles, 92250 La Garenne Colombes, France;1. Department of Orthopaedics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC;2. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH;1. Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;2. Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;3. Rehabilitation Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;4. School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran;1. Biomechanics and Sports Engineering Groups, Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Hafez Ave. , Tehran, Iran;2. Centre for Sports Engineering Research, Sheffield Hallam University, UK;3. FiDiPro Programme, University of Jyväskylä, Finland;1. Department of Movement Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr. MS 2401, Moscow, ID 83844, United States;2. Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154, United States |
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| Abstract: | The study investigated the effects of arm swing during leg push-off in V2-alternate/G4 skating on neuromuscular activation and force production by the leg muscles. Nine skilled cross-country skiers performed V2-alternate skating without poles at moderate, high, and maximal speeds, both with free (SWING) and restricted arm swing (NOSWING). Maximal speed was 5% greater in SWING (P < 0.01), while neuromuscular activation and produced forces did not differ between techniques. At both moderate and high speed the maximal (2% and 5%, respectively) and average (both 5%) vertical force and associated impulse (10% and 14%) were greater with SWING (all P < 0.05). At high speed range of motion and angular velocity of knee flexion were 24% greater with SWING (both P < 0.05), while average EMG of m. biceps femoris was 31% lower (all P < 0.05) in SWING. In a similar manner, the average EMG of m. vastus medialis and m. biceps femoris were lower (17% and 32%, P < 0.05) during the following knee extension. Thus, swinging the arms while performing V2-alternate can enhance both maximal speed and skiing economy at moderate and, in particularly, high speeds. |
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| Keywords: | Cross-country skiing EMG Arm swing Ski forces |
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