The Relationship between Vocabulary and Literacy When Intelligence is Held Constant

Summary

Measures of psychological causality, morality, justice, physical causality, skepticism, animism, and the ability to take other perspectives were individually administered to 41 kindergarten and first-grade children. An orthogonally rotated principal-components analysis indicated four factors. Factor I, social judgment, included measures of morality, justice, skepticism, and perspectives. The second and third factors were identified as psychological and physical causality, respectively. Factor IV was identified as Conceptions of Life and is discussed in another study (5). The results offered some support for Piaget's views that the attribution of physical and psychological causation have different bases and sources of origin.