Functional Neuroimaging in the Examination of Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure |
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Authors: | Claire D Coles Zhihao Li |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 1256 Briarcliff Rd, NE, Atlanta, GA 30306, USA;(2) Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA;(3) Biomedical Imaging Technology Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA |
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Abstract: | Functional neuroimaging offers the opportunity to understand the effect of prenatal alcohol exposure on the activities of
the brain as well as providing a window into the relationship between neural activation and the behavioral outcomes that have
been described in affected individuals. Several different methodologies have been used to examine the neurophysiological signal
changes associated with different brain functions in prenatally exposed individuals and those diagnosed with fetal alcohol
syndrome (FAS) or other fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). These include electroencephalography (EEG), positron emission
tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). These
studies demonstrate that it is feasible to use these technologies with this clinical population and that the damage to the
central nervous system associated with prenatal alcohol exposure has widespread functional implications; however, currently,
the literature in these areas is limited and unsystematic. Functional MRI with this clinical population has just begun to
explore the implications of prenatal alcohol exposure with the first paper published in 2005. Other methodologies are similarly
limited in scope. Nonetheless, these functional neuroimaging studies suggest that prenatal alcohol exposure, or a diagnosis
of FAS, may lead to restrictions in neural efficiency or a global decrement in processing resources. |
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