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非形式逻辑与演绎主义
引用本文:拉尔夫·约翰逊.非形式逻辑与演绎主义[J].逻辑学研究,2011(1):17-37.
作者姓名:拉尔夫·约翰逊
作者单位:温莎大学推理、论证与修辞研究中心;
基金项目:I am grateful to Frank Zenker for many helpful suggestions and careful editorial comments, and to Thomas Fischer, for comments on earlier drafts. Earlier versions of this paper were given to CRRAR in November 2009--1 acknowledge helpful criticisms from Robert Pinto, Tony Blair, Hans Hansen, Doug Walton, and Dale Jacobs. A revised version of the paper was read to Institute of Logic and Cognition at Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China in May 2010. Special thanks to my long-time assistant, Michael Baumtrog, the Bommer, for invaluable editorial and formatting assistance. I want to thank especially Rongdong Jin for helpful comments both in the early stages of writing this paper and for his helpful comments on the current version, and John Woods for his comments which saved the author from egregious error. Finally, a special thanks to Yun Xie for his comments and criticisms.
摘    要:非形式逻辑出现于上个世纪70年代,它首先是一种寻求更好的大学逻辑教学方式的努力。进而,非形式逻辑学者们逐渐开始触及和探讨越来越多的理论议题,即发展不依赖于形式逻辑的关于论证以及好论证的理解方式。在1998年世界哲学大会上,布莱尔和我阐释了非形式逻辑为哲学所带来的理论后果,其中一点我们称之为“演绎主义的终结”。那时我们并未给出演绎主义的定义,而只是把它等同于麦金泰尔的那个精炼的说法:“任何推理,不是演绎的,就是有缺陷的。”但现在看来,我们在当时就作出“演绎主义的终结”这一论断,显然是有点为时过早了。因为演绎主义似乎至今都还很有生命力,甚至在那些倾向于非形式逻辑的学者那里它也能得到支持:恩尼斯长期以来都辩护演绎主义是一种论证重构策略,格罗尔克更是致力于辩护它是一种论证评价理论。在本文中我将论证,非形式逻辑最好被理解为一种不诉诸于演绎技巧和演绎规范的逻辑研究。当我们意识到演绎和演绎主义已经如何深深地扎根于我们的哲学发展史中,并且牢牢地控制了我们关于逻辑研究的理解,我们就能明白非形式逻辑这一理论努力是多么的困难和重要。我将首先澄清“演绎主义”的意思,然后再分别考察那些赞成和反对演绎主义的论证,最后,我将表明非形式逻辑是从演绎主义中挽救逻辑的理论尝试。

关 键 词:非形式逻辑  演绎主义  世界哲学大会  逻辑研究  1998年  哲学发展史  70年代  教学方式

Informal Logic and Deductivism
Ralph H.Johnson Center for Research in Reasoning,Argumentation , Rhetoric,University of Windsor.Informal Logic and Deductivism[J].Studies in Logic,2011(1):17-37.
Authors:Ralph HJohnson Center for Research in Reasoning  Argumentation  Rhetoric  University of Windsor
Institution:Ralph H.Johnson Center for Research in Reasoning,Argumentation and Rhetoric,University of Windsor
Abstract:In this paper,I argue that informal logic can best be understood as an attempt to do logic without recourse to deductive techniques and norms.When we realize how deeply entrenched deduction and deductivism is in the history of philosophy and what a strong grasp it has on the inquiry known as logic,we will see how difficult and important a task this is.
Keywords:
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