Attentional bias of students toward negative feedback in bad outcome situations: the mechanism of self-defense |
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| Authors: | Po-Sheng Huang Cheng-Hong Liu Hsueh-Chih Chen Scott Sommers |
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| Institution: | 1.Department of Applied Psychology,Hsuan Chuang University,Hsinchu City,Taiwan, ROC;2.Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling,National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu City,Taiwan, ROC;3.Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling,National Taiwan Normal University,Taipei City,Taiwan, ROC;4.English Learning Center,Ming Chuan University,Taipei City,Taiwan, ROC |
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| Abstract: | The main goals of the present study were to investigate the effects of outcome valence on attentional bias toward feedback and examine the internal mechanism of self-defense. We systematically manipulated the outcome valence by providing a bogus score in a rational thinking task and recorded the time positive feedback and negative feedback was viewed in experiment 1. We added the intervention of self-affirmation to examine the self-defense mechanism in experiment 2. The results suggest that (1) in good outcome situations, the participants viewed negative feedback longer than positive feedback. There was a tendency to slightly reduce the attention given to negative feedback in bad outcome situations. (2) Self-affirming participants in bad outcome situations increased their viewing time of negative feedback, which supported the activation of defensiveness. |
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