Some animal specific fears are more specific than others: Evidence from attention and emotion measures |
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| Authors: | Sandra C. Soares Francisco Esteves Daniel Lundqvist Arne Öhman |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Karolinska Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Psychology, Stockholm, Sweden;2. Superior Institute of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal;3. University of Aveiro, Department of Educational Sciences, Aveiro, Portugal;4. ISCTE/Lisbon University Institute, Center for Social Research and Intervention (CIS), Lisbon, Portugal;5. Stockholm Brain Institute, Stockholm, Sweden;6. Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA;1. Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;2. Division of Biological Sciences, San Bernardino County Museum, 2024 Orange Tree Lane, Redlands, CA 92374, USA;1. CINTESIS.UA, Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Portugal;2. William James Center for Research, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal;3. Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division for Psychology, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden;4. Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain;5. Department of Psychology and Education, The University of Beira Interior, Portugal;6. Institute of Health Sciences, Portuguese Catholic University, Portugal |
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| Abstract: | Using a visual search methodology we investigated the effect of feared animal stimuli on attention. Our results confirmed the important role of emotion on attention. All participants detected fear-relevant stimuli (snakes and spiders) faster than neutral (mushrooms) ones against a background of fruits. In addition, spider fearful participants were sensitized specifically to detect their feared stimulus (spiders), compared to their fear-relevant but non-feared (snakes) and neutral stimuli. However, for participants fearful of snakes there was no significant difference in detection latencies between the feared (snakes) and the fear-relevant but non-feared animal stimuli (spiders). The results from the attention task were mirrored in the emotional ratings, which showed that spider fear was highly specific, whereas snake fear was associated with a more generalized enhanced evaluation of all negative stimuli. |
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