行为社会政策：“助推”公共福利的实践与探索

行为社会政策是基于人的行为特点而设计, 使用“助推”作为政策工具来执行的社会政策。它是行为科学在社会政策范畴的应用, 其原理在于洞察人们做选择时的行为偏好, 以隐性且非明显经济刺激的方式谋求公众利益。从政策制定者的角度出发, 基于自愿性和信息性的统一, 可将行为社会政策中的助推策略分为增加策略、减少策略和转换策略; 三大策略被用于再住院率、儿童健康、社区养老、入学资助、就业问题、器官移植和精准扶贫等民生领域, 帮助人们做出更好的选择, 提高公共福利。作为一种新兴的方法和技术, 助推并非万能, 需要政策制定者对症下药、精确识别、权衡使用, 规避“行为官僚”, 才能真正实现国家治理现代化和社会利益最大化。

Behavioral social policy: Nudge in the practice and exploration of public welfare

Behavioral social policy (BSP) is a kind of social policy that uses "nudge" as a tool, based on the characteristics of human behavior. It is the application of behavioral science in the field of social policy. According to people’s behavioral preferences, BSP pursues public welfare in a covert way without significantly changing their economic incentives. From the perspective of policy makers, the method of the voluntary and/or informational nudge can be divided into increase strategy, decrease strategy and adjustment strategy. These three strategies are used in areas such as re-hospitalization rate, children's health, community-based senior care, admission funding, employment, organ transplantation, and precision poverty alleviation to help people make better choices and improve public welfare. As an emerging method and technology, nudge is not always useful. Policy makers need to suit the remedy to the case, accurately identify, trade-off, and avoid “behavior bureaucrats”, in order to realize the modernization of national governance and maximization of social benefits.