道德虚伪：一种机会主义的适应策略

道德虚伪在个体层面是指人们言行不一, 在人际层面是指人们持有双重标准。心理学家通常从道德动机、认知失调以及精神分析的角度考察道德虚伪。诱发道德虚伪通常会促使个体做出跟他们公开承诺相一致的行为。作为一种机会主义的适应策略, 道德虚伪可能起源于群体适应情境下的自我谋利需要, 带有欺骗他人和自欺的特点。除了情绪、权力等因素之外, 未来研究需要考察自恋、羞耻、社会操纵能力、情商、文化因素对道德虚伪的影响。

Moral Hypocrisy: An Opportunistic Adaptive Strategy

Moral hypocrisy refers to both the intrapersonal discrepancy between what individuals think is moral and how they actually behave,and the interpersonal discrepancy between the acceptability of one’s own moral transgression and the same one committed by others.Researchers usually comprehend moral hypocrisy from moral motive,cognitive dissonance,and psychoanalysis perspectives,attribute deceit and self-deception as indispensable parts of moral hypocrisy,and show that induced hypocrisy leads to attitude or behavior change in line with individuals’ public commitment.From the perspective of evolutionary psychology,moral hypocrisy is an opportunistic adaptive strategy,evolved in the group living situations,motivating people to appear to be moral so that they are accepted by other in-group members and behave immorally when they are not noticed by others to reap more survival and reproduction resources.Many factors shape moral hypocrisy perception and judgment — specific emotions,power,presentation order of statements and inconsistent behavior,cognitive control and individual difference variables.Intrapersonal moral hypocrisy may entail self-deception,whereas interpersonal moral hypocrisy may entail deceit.Many understudied factors which may also influence moral hypocrisy,such as narcissism,shame,Machiavellian intelligence,emotion intelligence,and cultural variables,should be investigated in the future research.