The relational self: Closeness to ingroups depends on who they are, culture, and the type of closeness |
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Authors: | James S Uleman Eun Rhee Nenshad Bardoliwalla Gün Semin & Midori Toyama |
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Institution: | New York University,;University of Delaware,;Free University of Amsterdam,;Osaka University |
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Abstract: | Cultural differences in individualism and collectivism (I-C) describe important variations in how the self relates to others, but existing scales may be too broad-band to precisely measure this aspect of I-C. They also do not distinguish among particular ingroups and types of interdependence with them. The Circles of Closeness scale addresses these limitations. Initial results from Euro-American, Asian-American, Dutch, Turkish, and Japanese samples of college students are presented. The scales have high alpha reliability. Different results were obtained for three ingroups – immediate family, relatives, and friends – and six closeness types – emotional, supportive, identity, reputational, similarity, and harmony. These factors significantly interacted with each other, arguing for a more differentiated view of I-C. |
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