儿童的直接推理能力及策略的发展

采用文字形式陈述前提，让儿童根据前提内容回答问题，以了解儿童在语言条件下的直接推理能力。并通过事后追问儿童作答的原因，对儿童推理的策略进行分析。结果表明：（1）6岁和7岁儿童初步发展了语言条件下的直接推理能力，8岁儿童形成了这种能力。从6岁到8岁，儿童的这种推理能力随年龄增长而迅速提高。（2）否定前提和肯定前提没有给儿童的直接推理造成影响。而且，反义词的转换，也没有增加任务的推理难度。（3）从6岁到8岁儿童的有效生成能力和使用能力都在明显提高。6岁、7岁儿童在直接推理时有效策略和无效策略并存，但几乎所有的8岁儿童都使用了“重复或解释前提”这一有效策略。

DEVELOPMENT OF THE DIRECT INFERENCE ABILITY AND STRATEGIES OF CHILDREN

The purpose of the study was to investigate the development of children in direct inference and analyze the strategies children used during reasoning. The participants were 72 children randomly selected from a kindergarten and an elementary school including three groups aged 6, 7 and 8 with half boys and half girls in each group. The tests were carried out individually. The results showed that: (1) The 6- and 7-year-olds had preliminarily developed this kind of direct inference ability, the 8-year-olds had possessed this kind of inference ability. (2) There was no significant difference between affirmative premise and negative premise, and the same result was obtained when the semantic reverse between the premise and problem. (3) The capacity of creating effective strategy increased with ages, and nearly all 8-year-olds can use the effective strategy of “repeat or explain premise”.