Functions in biological kind classification |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Psychology, 3210 Tolman Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States;2. Department of Psychology, New York University, United States;1. Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA;2. Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;3. Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA;1. Department of Immunoendocrinology, Chair of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Sterlinga 3, 91-425 Lodz, Poland;2. Clinic of Endocrinological and General Surgery, Chair of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Pabianicka 62, 93-513 Lodz, Poland;3. Clinic of Endocrinology, Chair of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Sterlinga 3, 91-425 Lodz, Poland |
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| Abstract: | Biological traits that serve functions, such as a zebra’s coloration (for camouflage) or a kangaroo’s tail (for balance), seem to have a special role in conceptual representations for biological kinds. In five experiments, we investigate whether and why functional features are privileged in biological kind classification. Experiment 1 experimentally manipulates whether a feature serves a function and finds that functional features are judged more diagnostic of category membership as well as more likely to have a deep evolutionary history, be frequent in the current population, and persist in future populations. Experiments 2–5 reveal that these inferences about history, frequency, and persistence account for nearly all the effect of function on classification. We conclude that functional features are privileged because their relationship with the kind is viewed as stable over time and thus as especially well suited for establishing category membership, with implications for theories of classification and folk biological understanding. |
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