Caregiving: The Forgotten Element in Attachment

In attachment theory, an attachment behavioral control system in the child and a complementary caregiving system in the parent act together to protect the young. The attachment account, however, fails to supply a motivation for caregiving. As a result, it cannot give a theoretical explanation for the responsive and attentive behaviors empirically observed in caregivers of secure children. In this article, we present an account of caregiving that places emotion at the center of caregiving (the connection theoretical orientation). In this account, the dyadic emotion of caring serves as an autonomous motivation to see that the needs of a specific dependent are met. Unlike the "on-off" caregiving in attachment theories, connection caring is conceptualized as enduring and variable: Caregivers experience different levels of caring over the course of a relationship. Through the emotional concepts of caring, empathy, and responsibility, the connection theoretical orientation is able to provide the coherent account of caregiving that the attachment theoretical orientation's cybernetic concepts have been unable to supply.