Official and unofficial data |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Social Work, Arizona State University, USA;2. College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, USA;3. College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, USA;1. Social Sciences, Gran Sasso Science Institute (Italy), Viale Francesco Crispi 7, 67100 L''Aquila, Italy;2. Department of Sociology and Social Research, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy;3. Department of Business and Law (Di.SEA.DE), University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy;4. Department of Human Geography and Planning, Utrecht University, The Netherlands;1. a Post Graduate Department of Philosophy, Utkal University, VaniVihar, Bhubaneswar, India;2. b Department of Arts, Department of Philosophy and Religion of Arts, Faculty of Arts, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India;3. c Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Bhubaneswar, India |
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| Abstract: | Unofficial data are empirical findings that guide our research but are generally not reported. This article delineates four forms of unofficial data: casual observation of ourselves and others, unsystematic naturalistic observation, uncodable forms of clinical and phenomenological data, and accidental and nonquantifiable incidents and findings arising during pilot testing and data analysis. The article argues for a broadened conception of empiricism that recognizes unofficial data as data, explores the different contexts of the scientific process in which official and unofficial data are useful, and suggests the implications of the existence and utility of unofficial data for research and publication practices. |
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