Muscle dysmorphia: Current research and potential classification as a disorder |
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| Authors: | Johanna E. Nieuwoudt Shi Zhou Rosanne A. Coutts Ray Booker |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;2. The Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Dr, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA;3. Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Program (MiCOR), Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;4. The Metis Foundation, 300 Convent St #1330, San Antonio, TX 78205, USA;5. Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;6. San Diego State University Research Foundation, 5250 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA 92182, USA;7. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St #2200, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA;8. Eating Behavior Research Center, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Diagonal Las Torres 2640, Santiago, Peñalolén, Región Metropolitana, Chile;9. Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Avenida Humberto Lobo 1001, Del Valle, 66220 San Pedro Garza García, N.L., Mexico;10. Department of Community Health Systems, University of California, San Francisco, 2 Koret Way San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;11. Alliance Health Project, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1930 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94102, USA;12. The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA;13. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;14. Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, 150 Governor''s Lane, HRP Redwood Building, Stanford, CA 94305-5405, USA;15. Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA |
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| Abstract: | ObjectiveTo review the literature for scientific evidence in support of inclusion of Muscle Dysmorphia (MD) in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).DesignThe criteria proposed by Blashfield, Sprock, and Fuller (1990) were used for determining whether scientific evidence supports the introduction of MD as a new disorder into a disease classification system.MethodPeer-reviewed journal articles were identified by searching databases for articles published (in print and electronically) from 2001 to 2011.ResultsThe search identified 59 journal articles that specifically focused on MD, of which 39 were empirical journal articles. There is ample literature on MD, including a common set of diagnostic criteria and assessment instruments to measure MD. However, questions remain about the diagnostic reliability and validity, including inter-rater reliability, and whether MD represents a disorder that consists of symptoms that frequently co-occur. Also, evidence of syndrome differentiation is lacking. Only two of the five criteria proposed by Blashfield et al. have been met.ConclusionLiterature suggests that MD is associated with several indicators of clinical significance and distinctiveness. However the current review has found significant limitations and gaps in the scientific literature on MD. Possible options regarding the status of MD in the DSM-5 are proposed, including introducing MD as an example of an eating disorder not otherwise specified, retaining MD as a body dysmorphic disorder, introducing MD as a new disorder, or introducing MD as a provisional diagnosis in need of further study. |
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