试论康德心理学思想及其对当代的影响

康德著作中蕴含着丰富的心理学思想，其在继承沃尔夫理性心理学与经验心理学二分的基础上，通过批评理性心理学，消解了我思的主体地位，为解决二元论问题做出了重要努力；通过批评经验心理学，指明了心理学在成长为一门科学过程中必须面对的诸多问题。新康德主义在继承并改造康德思想的过程中，发展出一系列影响深远的心理学理论；认知心理学的重要代表人物皮亚杰基于对康德思想独具特色的把握，提出了发生认识论;而当代认知科学的图式理论，则完全是建基于对康德经验图式理论框架的全面继承上。

On the Psychological Thoughts of Kant and Its Contemporary Influence

Kant's works contain abundant psychological thoughts, but these thoughts are not enough to constitute a subject which possesses its own significance. Only when analyzing them in the system of transcendental philosophy will it be possible to manifest their significance. Kant inherits the separation of rational psychology and empirical psychology from Wolff, but his unique critical studies have the power of solving the problem of dualism, enabling the acquisition of knowledge, and defending the morality and dignity of human beings. Through the refutation of paralogisms which traps our reason, Kant encloses rational psychology in the dust of history, so that people no longer hope to seek knowledge merely from the concept of "cogito". Then Kant eliminates the opposition between "cogito" and the empirical world in the level of substance, releasing psychology from the shackles of theology and metaphysics, and enabling it to develop in the direction of natural science. By explaining that empirical psychology is unable to become a subject which has its own meaning, Kant makes a feasible demonstration for morality and perpetual peace in the field of empirical psychology. Thus, with his introspection and speculation, Kant vests the empirical subject a clear significance direction and a serious social concern. In the past, many psychological historians used to criticize the speculative method which Kant adopted in his studies as well as his negative conclusion drawn from the speculations that psychology could never be a kind of experimental science like physics. However, if we notice that the controversy followed Kant gestated abundant psychology schools, we might then query the criticism mentioned above prudently, and treasure his psychological thoughts in a sympathetic way. The influence of Kant's psychological thoughts is broad and profound. His concepts, such as category and scheme, still remain important and active in the research of contemporary cognitive psychology. Neo-Kantianism has developed a series of influential psychological theories during the process of inheriting and transforming the thoughts of Kant. Piaget puts forward the theory of genetic epistemology, which is based on his unique understanding of Kant's theoretical framework. Since Piaget transformed Kant’s transcendental philosophy with the view of genetics, an increasing number of researchers have been attempting to undertake systematical researches on schema with a stand point of the modern cognitive psychology. Nevertheless, if we are aware that the studies on schema take aim at explaining the general mental process of recognizing specific objects, it would be possible for us to discover that the scheme theory of modern cognitive psychology is completely based on the inheritance of Kant's empirical scheme theory.