学前儿童的“心理理论”在不同ToM任务中的发展特点

考察了72名3～5岁儿童在三个改造过的经典错误信念任务中的表现，结果显示，大部分4岁儿童能够正确认识自我错误信念；大部分5岁儿童能够正确认识他人错误信念；大部分3～4岁儿童的自我错误信念认识显著好于他人（真人和玩偶）错误信念认识，5岁时这两种认识才没有显著差异；学前儿童对真人与玩偶错误信念的认识没有显著差异；学前儿童对“意外地点”任务和“意外内容”任务中错误信念问题回答的一致性较高，而对“外表—真实”任务的回答与前两种任务的一致性较低。

THE DEVELOPMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESCHOOLERS' THEORY OF MIND IN DIFFERENT TASKS

In this study,72 children aged from 3 to 5,were examined in three modified classical false belief tasks.The results showed that most of the 4-year-old children could understand the false belief of self,while most of the 5-year-old children could understand the false belief of others.For children aged from 3 to 4,most of them understood false belief of self better than that of others including real people and dolls,but there had no significant difference between these two false beliefs for children of 5 years old.Preschoolers' recognition of false belief between real people and doll had no significant difference.Most of preschoolers' performance,in the Unexpected Location Task and Unexpected Content Task,the consistency was high,but the consistency in Appearance-Reality Distinction Task with the former two tasks was low.