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Cross-cultural effects of parent warmth and control on aggression and rule-breaking from ages 8 to 13 |
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| Authors: | W. Andrew Rothenberg Jennifer E. Lansford Dario Bacchini Marc H. Bornstein Lei Chang Kirby Deater-Deckard Laura Di Giunta Kenneth A. Dodge Patrick S. Malone Paul Oburu Concetta Pastorelli Ann T. Skinner Emma Sorbring Laurence Steinberg Sombat Tapanya Liliana Maria Uribe Tirado Saengduean Yotanyamaneewong Liane Peña Alampay Suha M. Al-Hassan |
| Affiliation: | 1. Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina;2. Department of Humanistic Studies, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy;3. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland Institute for Fiscal Studies, London, United Kingdom;4. Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China;5. Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts;6. Department of Psychology, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy;7. Department of Educational Psychology, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya;8. Department of Psychology, Pedagogy, and Sociology, University West, Trollhättan, Sweden;9. Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia Department of Psychology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia;10. Department of Psychiatry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand;11. Department of Psychology, Universidad San Buenaventura, Medellin, Colombia;12. Department of Psychology, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines;13. Department of Special Education, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan Counseling, Special Education, and Neuroscience Division, Emirates College for Advanced Education, Abu Dhabi, UAE |
| Abstract: | We investigated whether bidirectional associations between parental warmth and behavioral control and child aggression and rule-breaking behavior emerged in 12 cultural groups. Study participants included 1,298 children (M = 8.29 years, standard deviation [SD] = 0.66, 51% girls) from Shanghai, China (n = 121); Medellín, Colombia (n = 108); Naples (n = 100) and Rome (n = 103), Italy; Zarqa, Jordan (n = 114); Kisumu, Kenya (n = 100); Manila, Philippines (n = 120); Trollhättan/Vänersborg, Sweden (n = 101); Chiang Mai, Thailand (n = 120); and Durham, NC, United States (n = 111 White, n = 103 Black, n = 97 Latino) followed over 5 years (i.e., ages 8–13). Warmth and control were measured using the Parental Acceptance-Rejection/Control Questionnaire, child aggression and rule-breaking were measured using the Achenbach System of Empirically-Based Assessment. Multiple-group structural equation modeling was conducted. Associations between parent warmth and subsequent rule-breaking behavior were found to be more common across ontogeny and demonstrate greater variability across different cultures than associations between warmth and subsequent aggressive behavior. In contrast, the evocative effects of child aggressive behavior on subsequent parent warmth and behavioral control were more common, especially before age 10, than those of rule-breaking behavior. Considering the type of externalizing behavior, developmental time point, and cultural context is essential to understanding how parenting and child behavior reciprocally affect one another. |
| Keywords: | aggression cultural differences parent behavioral control parent warmth rule-breaking |