Individual differences in the tendency to see the expected |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK;2. School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, UK;3. Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, UK;4. CIFAR Program on Brain, Mind, and Consciousness, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada;1. Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, the Netherlands;2. Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands;3. Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom;1. Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;2. Department of Physical Therapy, Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA;1. Division of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, UK;2. The Com DEALL Trust, Bangalore, India;3. Centre for Autism, University of Reading, UK;4. Department of Psychology, Auckland University of Technology, NZ;5. Department of Psychology, Kings College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, UK |
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| Abstract: | Prior knowledge has been shown to facilitate the incorporation of visual stimuli into awareness. We adopted an individual differences approach to explore whether a tendency to ‘see the expected’ is general or method-specific. We administered a binocular rivalry task and manipulated selective attention, as well as induced expectations via predictive context, self-generated imagery, expectancy cues, and perceptual priming. Most prior manipulations led to a facilitated awareness of the biased percept in binocular rivalry, whereas strong signal primes led to a suppressed awareness, i.e., adaptation. Correlations and factor analysis revealed that the facilitatory effect of priors on visual awareness is closely related to attentional control. We also investigated whether expectation-based biases predict perceptual abilities. Adaptation to strong primes predicted improved naturalistic change detection and the facilitatory effect of weak primes predicted the experience of perceptual anomalies. Taken together, our results indicate that the facilitatory effect of priors may be underpinned by an attentional mechanism but the tendency to ‘see the expected’ is method-specific. |
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| Keywords: | Individual differences Visual awareness Attention Expectation Predictive processing Binocular rivalry |
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