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1.
The paper describes and evaluates the GOFER course in decision making for high school students (Mann, Harmoni and Power, 1988). The course was based on principles from the conflict theory of decision making (Janis and Mann, 1977) and was designed to provide adolescents with an understanding of factors that produce good and poor decision making as well as knowledge and practice of sound decision skills. Two evaluation studies were conducted to examine effectiveness of the course. Study 1 was conducted with young adolescents (12 year olds). It found a significant difference between students trained in the course and a control group on measures of self-esteem as a decision maker, self reported decision habits and knowledge of decision strategy. Study 2 was conducted with mid-adolescents (15 year olds). It, too, found a significant difference between students who took the course and a control group on measures of self esteem as a decision maker and self-reported decision habits. It is concluded that while the evaluation study fell short of an ideal test, the GOFER course met the criteria of improving student knowledge, raising confidence in decision making and changing self reported decision habits. 相似文献
2.
Twelve groups of five subjects each participated in a nonco-operative game in which each member of a group receives the same endowment and must then decide independently and anonymously how much of it to contribute to the group benefit. Regardless of the size of his or her contribution, each member receives the same reward if, and only if, the sum of contributions is equal to or larger than a prespecified provision threshold. The results show that the level of contribution depends on the provision threshold, and that it increases when contributions are not restricted to be all-or-none. We present, discuss, and competitively test two models for this class of social dilemmas, one postulating maximization of expected utility and the other yielding an equitable solution. 相似文献
3.
Mary I. Armstrong M.S.W. M.B.A. Mary E. Evans Ph.D. 《Journal of child and family studies》1992,1(1):61-74
Systems of care for children with serious emotional disturbance and their families have generally lacked intensive community-based programs. We describe three types of newly established community-based programs in New York State and present a general evaluation plan for determining which programs work for various children and their families. The three community-based programs are Intensive Case Management, Family-Based Treatment, and Family-Centered Intensive Case Management. Process and outcome evaluations are being conducted for each of these programs. These evaluations make use of common intake and termination instruments, based on a minimum data set, standardized assessment instruments, and a common logic model, thus facilitating the comparison of findings across evaluations. 相似文献
4.
A combined multi-attribute utility and expectancy-value model has repeatedly been found to yield a worse fit to choices than to preference ratings. The present study investigated two possible explanations for this finding. First, people's belief-value structures may change in the choice task as they try to find the best alternative. Second, a difficult choice task may cause the decision maker to use simplifying heuristics. In the first of two experiments, subjective belief-value structures were measured on two occasions separated by about one week. Immediately before the second measurement, different groups of subjects performed a choice task, gave preference ratings, or performed a control task. The results did not support an interpretation of the greater difficulty of predicting choices in terms of changes in belief-value structures. However, the notion of simplifying heuristics received support by the finding that adopting simpler versions of the original model improved the predictions of the choices. In the second experiment, beliefs were measured immediately before or after each of a series of choices or preference ratings. The results indicated that although temporary changes in beliefs may occur, they can hardly provide a full account of the differential predictability of preferences and choices. 相似文献
5.
M Cabanac 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1986,46(1):37-44
Ten healthy human males volunteered to be subjects in an experiment in which they were to be paid to endure a painful sensation. This sensation was produced by isometric muscular contraction in the thighs. For each of six sessions the subjects received either a payment that was changed for each session (0.2, 0.5, 1.25, 3.125, 7.8125 French francs per 20 s) or a lump sum. At the beginning of a session, the subjects assumed a seated position against a wall, but without a seat, and the duration for which they could hold this position was the chief variable measured. Heart rate, blood pressure, and magnitude estimation of pain were also recorded periodically throughout each session. Pain was reported after a mean delay of 15 +/- 7 s (SE), and the magnitude estimates then increased linearly with time. The duration of maintaining the painful position increased linearly in relation to the logarithm of the increase in the amount of payment. Thus, utility of money decreased when pitted against pain. 相似文献
6.
The need for specialized training programs that are focused on youth mental health needs, awareness of community-based services, and de-escalation skills is growing across law enforcement agencies due to calls for service that involve youth in mental health crisis. The current study evaluates a juvenile mental health training for law enforcement that was developed based on agency needs. The training was completed by 159 officers and a pre-/post-test design was used. Findings suggest that officers were satisfied with the training and improvements were seen across several training constructs (confidence, preparedness, stigma, resource awareness, and de-escalation skills). Satisfaction with the training predicted change in confidence and preparedness. Recommendations for future research and the implementation of juvenile mental health trainings are discussed. 相似文献
7.
Culture wars: American moral divisions across the adult lifespan 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Lene Arnett Jensen 《Journal of Adult Development》1997,4(2):107-121
Sociologists have argued that the public moral debate in contemporary America is characterized by a “culture war,” pitting
“orthodox” and “progressivist” groups against one another (Hunter, 1991). This study addressed whether the culture war is
evident in the moral thinking of ordinary Americans, and whether age-related patterns exist. Sixty fundamentalist Baptists
(orthodox) and 60 mainline Baptists (progressivist) evaluated and reasoned about moral issues such as divorce and abortion.
Each group was divided evenly into three age groups copsisting of young, midlife, and older adults. Moral reasoning was analyzed
in terms of Shweder's (1990) ethics of autonomy, community, and divinity. Within all three age groups, progressivists used
the ethic of, autonomy more than orthodox participants. Orthodox participants used the ethic of divinity more than progressivists.
Orthodox and progressivist groups did not differ much in their use of the ethic, of community. Very few age group differences
were found within the orthodox and progressivist groups. It is concluded that morality is conceived of in markedly different
wasy by orthodox and progressivist groups, and that these conceptions are consistent across age groups. 相似文献
8.
Ronald N. Kostoff Ph.D. 《Science and engineering ethics》1997,3(2):109-120
This paper addresses some critical issues in the applicability of quantitative performance measures (including bibliometric,
economic, and co-occurrence measures) to the assessment of basic research. The strengths and weaknesses of metrics applied
as research performance measures are examined. It is concluded that metrics have a useful role to play in the evaluation of
research. Each metric employed, whether bibliometric, economic, co-occurrence, or others, brings a new dimension of potential
insight to the complex problem of research assessment. However, when used in a stand-alone mode, metrics can be easily misinterpreted
and result in misleading conclusions. Metrics should be an integral part of a more comprehensive approach to research evaluation,
in which the leading role is assumed by expert peer review. Under this structure, the reviewers must be broadly constituted,
so that the technical correctness of the research approaches being taken (doing the job right) can be evaluated by technical
experts and the correctness of the research target (doing the right job) can be evaluated as well. This comprehensive approach
insures quality in the implementation of existing research paradigms and allows the introduction of revolutionary new research
paradigms as well.
The views contained in this paper are solely those of the author and do not represent the views of the Department of the Navy.
Ronald Kostoff received a Ph.D. from Princeton University, performed technical and economic research at Bell Laboratories,
managed energy programs at U.S. Department of Energy, was Director of Technical Assessment at the Office of Naval Research
for many years and presently manages the Navy’s In-House Laboratory Independent Research Program. 相似文献
9.
Effects of Different Telephone Intervention Styles with Suicidal Callers at Two Suicide Prevention Centers: An Empirical Investigation 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
To determine the relative effectiveness of telephone intervention styles with suicidal callers, researchers listened unobtrusively to 617 calls by suicidal persons at two suicide prevention centers and categorized all 66,953 responses by the 110 volunteer helpers according to a reliable 20-category checklist. Outcome measures showed observer evaluations of decreased depressive mood from the beginning to the end in 14% of calls, decreased suicidal urgency ratings from the beginning to the end in 27% of calls, and reaching a contract in 68% of calls, of which 54% of contracts were upheld according to follow-up data. Within the context of relatively directive interventions, a greater proportion of Rogerian nondirective responses was related to significantly more decreases in depression. Reduction in urgency and reaching a contract were related to greater use of Rogerian response categories only with nonchronic callers. 相似文献
10.
内部分配改革的职务评价技术探新 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
建立工资标准系统的关键是确定职务工资率。职务间可比价值成分变异越大,对确定职务工资率的贡献也越大。根据以上研究设想采用方差分析方法进行职务评价。评价步骤包括:职务描述;对职务要素作主成分分析;对职务样本作聚类分析和判别分析;通过方差分析为可比价值各成分建构权重系数ωi。ωi‘满足:(1)ωi≥0;(2)Σωi=1;(3)ωi,间可直接比较;(4)ωi的大小与对应的可比价值成分变异一致。最后将职务评价值线性变换为工资率。在线性方程中配一个常数。和调节系数α以适合组织的管理约束条件。配合两个企业内部分配改革的研究结果显示了方差分析法的有效性和实用性。 相似文献