汉字内隐记忆的实验研究（Ⅱ）：任务分离和反应倾向

在实验Ｉ的基础上,操纵学习时的呈现时间（２５０ｍｓ,５００ｍｓ,７５０ｍｓ）和注意变量（目标和非目标字）,运用任务分离方法及间接证明逻辑,比较了再认测验和整字偏好测验在不同条件下的辨别力（Ａ′）和反应倾向（Ｂ″）。结果：（１）双向功能分离的出现表明再认测验和偏好测验存在本质差异。根据“过程纯净”假设,可以推证内隐记忆存在于偏好测验中。此时,匹配比较法的标准未满足。（２）偏好测验中,５００ｍｓ呈现目标字时,有显著正向启动效应：７５０ｍｓ呈现非目标字时,有显著负向启动效应。（３）内隐记忆和外显记忆发生时,都具有稳定的心理状态。但是前者的报告标准较松宽,而后者的较严格。     

声旁与整字的音段、声调关系对形声字命名的影响

采用命名任务研究了汉字形声字的声旁与整字的音段、声调关系对形声字命名反应时的影响,探讨声旁的音段、声调在汉字形声字发音中的作用。实验材料是180个汉字形声字。实验结果表明,汉字形声字的声旁与整字的音段关系对命名时间有重要影响。汉字形声字的命名存在着“规则效应”,声旁与整字音段相同时反应快,声旁与整字音段相异时反应慢。汉字形声字的命名也存在着“声调效应”。声旁与整字的声调关系对命名有重要影响。当声旁与整字声调相同时反应快,当声旁与整字声调相异时反应慢,这种效应不受字频影响。整个实验结果支持汉字认知中强的亚词汇成分自动激活的观点。     

Intimacy, Psyche, and Spirit in the Experience of Chinese and Japanese Calligraphy

In the West, we have adoped the word calligraphy to describe Chinese and Japanese writing out of the recognition that there is an aesthetic component inherent in the written characters. The author shows how Chinese and Japanese calligraphy is much more than writing; it must be approached as one would any piece of art. A brief history of Chinese and Japanese calligraphy is explored, including the elements and methods of brushwork and overall creation of the expressions themselves. The article concludes by looking at how calligraphy is a mode of self-discovery and self-development that opens us to a substantial dialogue between cultures and the paths of inner conversation.     

阅读保持的类比结构映射效应研究

探讨文章阅读过程中类比结构映射效应与共同元素效应对阅读信息保持的迁移作用,包括两个实验,实验Ｉ探讨前阅读的源文章与目标文章在结构上与命题上的共同性对目标文章信息保持的迁移效果,结果表明,前后阅读文献的结构共同目标文章的保持有显著的促进作用,命题共同的促进作用不显著,实验２进一步探讨在源文章与目标文章结构或命题有共同性的情况下,提示与否对目标文章的信息保持效果的影响作用,结果证明,有两种情况下,提示     

Comparison of brain mechanisms underlying the processing of Chinese characters and pseudo-characters: an event-related potential study

Most Chinese characters are composed of a semantic radical on the left and a phonetic radical on the right. The semantic radical provides the semantic information; the phonetic radical provides information concerning the pronunciation of the whole character. The pseudo‐characters in the study consisted of different sub‐lexical parts of real Chinese characters and consequently they also had the semantic radical and the phonetic radical. But they were not readable and had no actual meaning. In order to investigate the spatiotemporal cortical activation patterns underlying the orthographic, phonological and semantic processing of Chinese characters, we used event‐related brain potentials (ERPs) to explore the processing of Chinese characters and pseudo‐characters when 14 healthy Chinese college students viewed the characters passively. Results showed that both Chinese characters and pseudo‐characters elicited an evident negative potential peaking around 120 ms (N120), which appeared to reflect initial orthographic distinction and evaluation. Then, Chinese pseudo‐characters elicited a more positive ERP deflection (P220) than did Chinese characters 200–250 ms after onset of the stimuli. It was similar to the recognition potential (RP) and might reflect the integration processes of phonological and semantic processing on the basis of early orthographic information. Dipole source analysis of the difference wave (pseudo‐characters minus characters) indicated that a generator localized in the left temporal‐occipital junction contributed to this effect, which was possibly related to phonological and perceptual–semantic information integration. Between 350–450 ms, a greater negativity (N360) in pseudo‐characters as compared to characters was found over midline fronto‐central scalp regions. Dipole analysis localized the generator of N360 in the right parahippocampal cortex. Therefore, the N360 might be an N400 component and reflect the higher‐level semantic activation on the basis of orthographic, phonological and perceptual–semantic processing.     

‘Characters’ in psychoanalytic and interpersonal therapy: A comparison

In this paper the author considers how the therapist might listen to the characters talked about by his or her patients. In psychoanalytic therapy the emphasis is on listening to the patient's characters as though they are located in psychic reality and as representatives of the transference relationship, whereas in interpersonal therapy (IPT) the patient's characters are taken as inhabiting the realm of external reality. It is argued that clinical thinking in IPT would be enhanced by taking more account of psychic reality, which will make clearer the quality of external reality in which the patient's characters are located. It is also argued that both therapies share an interest in enabling the patient to find characters which can serve as holograms of previously unexpressed affective experience.     

汉字:国人释梦实践的本土化面向

汉字释梦是根据梦像的视觉形象构造,寻找书写结构与其相对应的汉字,再依于汉字的本义把握梦的意义。首先依据现代心理学探讨传统梦学中汉字释梦的思想;然后对汉字释梦的可行性进行深入分析,认为梦和汉字都以表意为首要目的,都采取象形的表达方式,进而提出汉字释梦的操作思路;最后结合案例展现了汉字释梦在实践中的应用。     

A Psychological Biography for Jesus: Responding to Donald Capps'

Don Capps employed a Freudian Model and current biblical criticism models of Crossan, Borg, and others to evaluate the biblical data regarding the person and self-concept of Jesus of Nazareth. This article points to some vulnerabilities for serious criticism inherent in Capps's model and suggests the necessity of a wider range of psychological models for screening the data available on Jesus' development as a person in order to draw conclusions about his nature and motivations. Capps concludes that Jesus was a melancholic personality who was at odds with his society because he and his family were defamed regarding his problematic birth story, resulting in the violent symbolic action of cleansing the temple, thus expressing his arrival at self-confidence and self-affirmation.     

儿童汉字练习:纸笔手写与键盘拼音输入的效果比较

在学校情境下,采用纸笔手写和键盘拼音输入练习汉字的实验任务,比较了75名小学六年级儿童在两种练习方式下的汉字学习及复习效果,并进行了保持效果的追踪。结果发现,纸笔手写和键盘拼音输入对儿童的汉字复习具有同等积极作用,在再认选择和回忆书写上效果均相当;对儿童的汉字学习积极作用不一致:在再认选择上两者积极效果相当,但在回忆书写上,手写明显优于拼音输入。另外,经纸笔手写和键盘拼音输入复习和学习的汉字,其记忆保持随时间变化的趋势一致。以上结果说明了对具有书面语言经验的儿童,拼音输入与手写都有助于形成和巩固汉字在心理词典中的义音形联结,但手写动作更有利于汉字从正字法代码向书写动作程序的转换;"提笔忘字"现象可能是正字法遗忘的结果,并非由使用拼音输入法造成。     

聋人副中央凹字N+1预视效益的眼动研究

聋人听觉受损后,在低水平的视觉认知任务中,表现出副中央凹注意增强效应。这种增强效应是否也会发生在高水平的汉语认知加工任务中？本研究采用边界范式,探究副中央凹注意增强效应对聋人读者合体字N+1预视效益的影响。研究发现,高技能聋人读者,可以获得合体字N+1语音和语义预视效益。研究表明,副中央凹注意增强促进了高技能聋人读者N+1预视信息的获得。