No Easy Answers: Avoiding Potential Pitfalls of De‐implementation

In 2012, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) began to de‐emphasize and de‐implement multiple evidence‐based HIV prevention practices that had been around for 20 years, thus changing the scope of implementation across the globe. The authors provide evidence how existing interventions (e.g., CDC HIV interventions) may influence implementation of interventions that came after the program was discontinued. De‐implementation is an ecological event that influences, and is influenced by, many parts of a system, for instance, implementation of one type of intervention may influence the implementation of other interventions (biomedical and/or behavioral) after a long‐running program is discontinued. Researchers and policy makers ought to consider how de‐implementation of behavioral interventions is influenced by biomedical interventions mass‐produced by companies with lobbying power. The scientific study of de‐implementation will be inadequate without consideration of the political climate that surrounds de‐implementation of certain types of interventions and the promotion of more‐profitable ones.     

Reflections on peer review practices in committees selecting laureates for prestigious awards and prizes: Some relevant and irrelevant criteria

An important function in all scholarly and academic activities is the participation in the peer review system. One aspect of this peer review evaluation is service on committees judging candidates for important awards, prizes and fellowships. Some reflective observations on this process are made in which a number of factors determining the final choice are identified. It is pointed out that the decisions of such committees are based not only on relevant and objective criteria but are also influenced by a number of irrelevant criteria; caution must be exercised to minimize the effect of the latter factors in order to maintain the highest ethical standards in the selection process. The ranking practices of awards committees, national academies and learned societies are briefly reviewed by pointing out some ethical pitfalls, anecdotal incidents, and the ways to avoid the tarnishing of the selection process. Dr. Vijh is a physical chemist whose research interests include interfacial electrochemistry and the chemical physics of solid surface s.     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病治疗误区及程序化干预策略

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病（hypoxicischemic encephalopathy,HIE）主要是指围生期窒息导致的缺氧缺血性脑损伤（hypoxicischemic brain damage,HIBD）。多年来对HIE的干预存在较多争论,本文辩证分析了目前国内HIE治疗的误区,提出对于HIE的干预,需要从机理入手。缺氧缺血事件的不同阶段有不同的矛盾,而且这些矛盾是动态变化的,辩证的对待不同阶段所面临的矛盾是确定干预措施的基础,主张在时间窗内、急性期后、新生儿期后等不同的时间段内采取针对性强、连续的干预策略,初步提出程序化干预的概念。