谈闺阁豪杰 词坛独步之感想——李清照词的风格与独创性

豪爽淳朴的民风和浓郁的家庭文化氛围,铸就了李清照这位山东才女高雅、率直、伟岸、好胜的品性,这些品性反应在她的词作中。在众多的词人中,别具一格的她,被奉为＂婉约之宗＂,在中国文学史中占有重要地位。     

Dogs don't always prefer their owners and can quickly form strong preferences for certain strangers over others.

The unique relationship between dog and owner has been demonstrated in several experimental procedures, including tests in which dogs are left alone or with a stranger, tests of dogs’ appeasement or social approach when petted by their owner or a stranger, and their ability to learn when taught by their owner or a stranger. In all cases, dogs responded differently to their owner, which has been referred to as a specific attachment, and likely a product of a prolonged history of reinforcement. In the current study, we used a concurrent choice paradigm in which dogs could interact with two people, both of whom provided the same petting interaction, to test whether owned dogs would prefer their owner over a stranger and whether the familiarity of the testing context would influence preference. We also investigated whether shelter and owned dogs tested with two strangers would show a preference between strangers and whether that preference would be similar in magnitude to any preference between the owner and stranger. Owned dogs preferred to interact with their owners when in an unfamiliar context, but allocated more time to the stranger in a familiar context. Both shelter and owned dogs tested with two strangers showed a magnitude of preference for one stranger over the other similar to owned dogs’ preference for owners in an unfamiliar context. These results parallel what has been found in strange situation tests with owned dogs tested with their owners, but the strength of preference shown for one of two strangers indicates dogs can form a preference for one person quickly.     

A New Look at Service Climate: Its Relationship with Owner Service Values in Small Businesses

The present study examined the relationship between service climate and an organizational-level variable not studied to date: owner service values. Thirty-one small businesses (35 owners and 221 employees) participated in the study. Service climate and owner service values were found to be negatively correlated such that the more an owner valued service, the lower the employees rated the organization's service climate. Although this result was contrary to expectations, the false consensus effect provides a useful framework to explain the negative relationship. Other owner values (e.g., innovation, aggressiveness, and decisiveness) did not correlate with service climate.     

“它”是所有者吗？幼儿对所有权主体的理解

所有者是所有权关系的重要组成部分。社会秩序的正常运行也需要我们合理地判断所有者。本研究考查幼儿能否像成人一样,区分可能的所有者和不可能的所有者。研究采用等级评定的方式,考查了3~5岁幼儿和成人对“什么是所有者”的直觉理解。结果发现,无论是成人还是幼儿,均认为能力健全者、能力不健全者是所有者,但不认为人造物可能是所有者。3~5岁幼儿评价动植物是所有者的可能性显著高于成人,表明相对于成人,他们仍存在认为动植物是所有者的倾向。研究提示,幼儿对所有权主体的理解既与成人之间存在一致性也存在差异,成人可以基于幼儿的所有权认知引导儿童正确理解所有权概念,进而提高幼儿在该领域的社会认知。     

Is your choice my choice? The owners’ effect on pet dogs’ (Canis lupus familiaris) performance in a food choice task

This study investigates the influence of owners on their dogs’ performance in a food choice task using either different or equal quantities of food. Fifty-four pet dogs were tested in three different conditions. In Condition 1 we evaluated their ability to choose between a large and small amount of food (quantity discrimination task). In Condition 2 dogs were again presented with a choice between the large and small food quantity, but only after having witnessed their owner favouring the small quantity. In Condition 3 dogs were given a choice between two equally small quantities of food having witnessed their owner favouring either one or the other. A strong effect of the owner on the dogs’ performance was observed. In Condition 1 dogs as a group chose significantly more often the large food quantity, thus showing their ability to solve the quantity discrimination task. After observing their owner expressing a preference for the small food quantity they chose the large quantity of food significantly less than in the independent choice situation. The tendency to conform to the owner’s choice was higher when the dogs had to choose between equally small quantities of food (Condition 3) rather than between a large and a small one (Condition 2). These results provide evidence that dogs can be influenced by their owners even when their indications are clearly in contrast with direct perceptual information, thus leading dogs to ultimately make counterproductive choices.