大学生利他动机的调查研究

研究的主要目的是对大学生利他动机进行调查分析。测量工具为利己性利他动机量表和利他性利他动机量表。被试取自北京5所高校的大学生1920名。结果显示：57.4%的大学生报告高度利己性利他动机。63.2%的大学生报告高度利他性利他动机。性别、独生子女、家庭地点等因素均同大学生利己性利他动机无关。独生子女、家庭地点、学校性质同大学生利他性利他动机有显著关系。     

Encoding Processes and Release from Proactive Interference in Short-Term Memory of Preschool Children

A modified proactive interference paradigm was developed to investigate encoding and memory processes in preschool-age children. The buildup and release from proactive interference in preschool-age children parallels that of adults and of mentally retarded persons, indicating that very young children and older people may use many of the same encoding dimensions.     

目标结构与学习动机

本文概述了目标结构理论的形成及发展,并进一步论述了在教学中不同的目标结构,导致学生间不间的相互关系,从而使学生形成不同的学习动机,取得不同的学业成就。竞争目标结构激发的是能力中心的动机系统;个体化目标结构激发的是任务掌握的动机系统;合作目标结构激发的是道德中心的动机系统。由此,我们认为在当前的教学实践中应重视合作目标结构的建立。     

The role of positive and negative affect on well-being amongst Swedish and Iranian university students

The roles of positive and negative affect in well-being were studied in two different societies, namely the Iranian and the Swedish. A total of 606 university students (296 Iranian and 310 Swedish) participated in the study. The results showed that, whereas there was no difference between Iranian and Swedish participants in their general level of life satisfaction, differences with regard to positive and negative affect were found. Swedish participants had more positive affect, whereas Iranian participants had more negative affect. In the Swedish sample, the most predictive factor of flourishing was positive affect, while there was a balance affect (between positive and negative affects) in the Iranian sample. The results are discussed from a individualistic–collectivistic perspective.     

Extending self‐leadership research to the East: Measurement equivalence of the Chinese and English versions of the MSLQ

In response to calls regarding the applicability of self‐leadership measurement in Eastern (collectivistic) and Western (individualistic) cultures, this study examined the psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the modified self‐leadership questionnaire (MSLQ). The sample consisted of 395 Chinese students and 241 Australian students. Results revealed that the modified self‐leadership questionnaire exhibited a satisfactory condition of psychometric properties across cultures. A series of multi‐sample confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated the cross‐cultural similarity of an 11‐factor model across the Chinese and Australian samples. The modified self‐leadership questionnaire was also found to possess measurement invariance, suggesting that it is appropriate for cross‐cultural research assessing differences of self‐leadership behaviour across Chinese and Western cultures. Implications for future research are also discussed.     

情绪表达抑制功能的文化差异

表达抑制是指当情绪被唤醒的时候, 有意识抑制自己的情绪表达行为。诸多研究表明表达抑制并不是一个有用且有效的策略。但不可忽视的是, 文化因素是表达抑制与结果变量关系间的一个重要调节因素。即, 在个人主义文化中, 表达抑制通常发挥着较负面的作用。但在集体主义文化中, 表达抑制并非完全是一种不恰当的调节策略。这可能与文化价值观、对“面子”观点的态度以及父母的应对方式有关。未来的研究方向主要在于表达抑制在集体主义文化及不同亚文化中的作用、学业背景下表达抑制的作用及其功能的文化差异以及被试取样的多样化等方面。     

Pathways to intercultural accuracy: Social projection processes and core cultural values

The present research examines intercultural accuracy—people's ability to make accurate judgments about outgroup values—and the role of social projection processes. Across four studies, U.S. and British participants showed low overall levels of intercultural accuracy for Chinese students’ individualistic and collectivistic values. In line with recent changes toward individualism in China, we observed different levels of intercultural accuracy, hinging on whether the criterion values of Chinese were assessed before (2001) or after (2015) this shift. Important for the study of social projection, we observed that U.S./British participants projected their values onto the outgroup. Social projection tendency (measured in Study 2 and manipulated in Study 3) was associated with greater intercultural accuracy. The relationship between projection and accuracy also depended on the shifts in individualistic values of Chinese. Important for the study of intergroup relations, accuracy was positively associated with interest in future relationships with the Chinese.