Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: The Need for Subtypes

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is an important condition confronting patients, clinicians, and researchers. This article provides information concerning the need for appropriate diagnosis of CFS subtypes. We first review findings suggesting that CFS is best conceptualized as a separate diagnostic entity rather than as part of a unitary model of functional somatic distress. Next, research involving the case definitions of CFS is reviewed. Findings suggest that whether a broad or more conservative case definition is employed, and whether clinic or community samples are recruited, these decisions will have a major influence in the types of patients selected. Review of further findings suggests that subtyping individuals with CFS on sociodemographic, functional disability, viral, immune, neuroendocrine, neurology, autonomic, and genetic biomarkers can provide clarification for researchers and clinicians who encounter CFS characteristically confusing heterogeneous symptom profiles. Treatment studies that incorporate subtypes might be particularly helpful in better understanding the pathophysiology of CFS. This review suggests that there is a need for greater diagnostic clarity, and this might be accomplished by subgroups that integrate multiple variables including those in cognitive, emotional, and biological domains.     

胸腺功能的发现及其对免疫学发展的影响

19世纪60年代初,免疫系统的发现使免疫学的发展方向发生了革命性转变。在这场转变的过程中,胸腺功能的发现起到了重要的作用。详述了胸腺功能的发现过程,并进一步深入到免疫学思想史,讨论了这个发现如何影响了免疫学的历史进程。     

严重脓毒症——评价指标带给我们的启示

目前,严重脓毒症的诊断指标已对脓毒症导致的临床情况作出较好的诠释,进一步寻找相关的指标将更有助于临床判断。我们评价了血流动力学和组织灌注参数,免疫紊乱、凝血障碍的相关参数以及前降钙素等指标在临床上的价值。目前所采用的一些指标确实有助于严重脓毒症的诊断,但是,我们需要更特异的指标来指导临床工作。     

百年回眸:免疫学研究进展与医学

免疫学与医学有着紧密的联系。在免疫学的经验时期,中国医学家发明了人痘接种预防天花;１７９８年牛痘苗的发明,最终导致开花在地球上被消灭。在巴斯德时代,由于病原微生物的发现,人工主动免疫、人工被动免疫和三大血清学技术（沉淀、凝集、补体结合反应）使免疫学的应用扩大到对多种传染病的预防、诊断与治疗,极大地促进了医学的发展。７０年代以来,由于胸腺功能的发现,淋巴细胞功能的发现阐明了免疫系统的存在;克隆选择学     

移植免疫学的新突破与器官移植

现代器官移植是建立在移植免疫学基础上,移植免疫学基础研究的每一个进展都推动了器官移植的发展。９０年代以来,Ｓｔａｒｚｌ提出了移植排斥的“双向移植排斥理论”,反映了在临床应用免疫抑制药物的情况下,移植排斥的特点,是移植免疫学发展史上的一个重要理论地临床器官移植耐受的诱导具有重要的指导作用。     

从进化发育角度反思免疫有关问题

从进化和发育角度对免疫学领域中某些尚未明了的有关问题及其生物学意义进行了反思.认为淋巴免疫源于脊椎动物机体阶段或变态发育的同步监管功能,它可区分幼体细胞/成体细胞或处理"异步"细胞以防止异常或逆行发育;协同刺激信号分子可能是细胞逆行发育的标志,而MHC分子可能是发育或变态的阶段标志;抗原受体多样性和MHC分子多态性的最初进化压力来自阶段发育中所需的自身识别,免疫的非我识别源于系统发育中积累的自我识别在个体内的冗余;复杂和难以理解的免疫现象可能只是由简单的进化机制形成的.     

白血病分型进展

白血病细胞因具有生物学的异质性、分化程度的差异性和细胞形态的多形性等特点,需要明确分型。而它的分型经历了FAB（法国、美国、英国协作组,French-American-British Co-operative group）分型、MIC（morphology,immunology and cytogenetic）分型,最后到MICM（morphology,immunology, cytogenetic and molecular）分型。     

Psychoneuroimmunology: A bio‐psycho‐social approach to health and disease

Since the early 1980s, the interdisciplinary field of psychoneuroimmunology has explored the complex bi‐directional interactions between brain, behavior, and the immune system. Taken together, this research has expanded the limits of the questions we can ask about the organism by challenging the biomedical paradigm of the immune system as predominantly “autonomous”. Psychoneuroimmunology has played a key role in establishing a biological basis for the ancient idea that the mind can play a role in health and disease. This article describes the development of psychoneuroimmunology and reviews a number of key findings concerning psychological phenomena of potential relevance to understanding brain‐behavior‐immune interactions, including learning, emotions, stress, and the role of sensory processes.     

Stress, Energy, and Immunity: An Ecological View

ABSTRACT— A common perspective on stress-related changes in the human immune system is that such changes are potentially harmful, especially those occurring during chronic stress. In contrast, an ecological perspective views the immune system as an energetically costly system that may or may not have priority over other uses of that energy. From this perspective, the immune system may have energy made available for it via reduction of other activities, may change in energetically conservative ways when the protection it confers needs to be balanced with the energetic demands of other activities such as fight or flight, or may be suppressed when other activities are more important than immunity for total well-being. This last type of change can explain why aspects of psychosocial health such as optimism relate to worse immunity under some circumstances and suggests that both benefits and costs of immunosuppression during stress should be considered in research on human stress and immunity.