What did mummy say? Dyadic interactions between young "hard to manage" children and their mothers

Thirty preschoolers rated as h8rf2wxa39wquk/xxlarge8220.gif" alt="ldquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">hard to manageh8rf2wxa39wquk/xxlarge8221.gif" alt="rdquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"> on Goodman's (R. Goodman, 1997) Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), and a group of matched control children were observed and recorded on audiotape at home, interacting with their mothers (Time 1). At the 18-month follow-up home visits (Time 2), the children and mothers were filmed across 4 observation settings. Mother–child interactions were rated on affect, control, responsiveness and h8rf2wxa39wquk/xxlarge8220.gif" alt="ldquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">connectednessh8rf2wxa39wquk/xxlarge8221.gif" alt="rdquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"> of communication. At Time 1, mothers of the h8rf2wxa39wquk/xxlarge8220.gif" alt="ldquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">hard to manageh8rf2wxa39wquk/xxlarge8221.gif" alt="rdquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"> group used more negative control and engaged in fewer connected conversations than did mothers in the control group. At Time 2, mothers of the h8rf2wxa39wquk/xxlarge8220.gif" alt="ldquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">hard to manageh8rf2wxa39wquk/xxlarge8221.gif" alt="rdquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"> group displayed higher levels of negative control and lower levels of positive control. These results are discussed in terms of the importance of examining connected communication and different observation contexts when examining dyadic mother–child interactions.     

The Power to Feel Fear and The One to Feel Happiness are the Same

The centre of Adorno's Critical Theory is occupied by the theme of happiness. He speaks of the impaired life, of the unjustness of society, of murderous prejudices, of the atrocities in history, of the dissonance in art, of the unhappy consciousness, because something better can only be described from a point of opposition. Happiness cannot be objectified as possession, it always needs to be experienced subjectively, somatically. (With happiness it is like with truth: One does not have it, one is in it.) Happiness cannot be prescribed and ordered; nothing can be done to guarantee happiness. (Happiness goes beyond doing.) Happiness (like fear) has to do with being open to experience which can overwhelm the self. Sexual and aesthetical experience are models for such overwhelming happiness. The sensation of happiness always is very personal, but in this experience the individual leaves its particularity behind. One has to differentiate between goal and object: Happiness may be a goal, but not it itself, only what obstructs it, can be an object of Critical Theory.     

The Factor Structure of the Beavers Interactional Scales

Confirmatory factor analysis and regression analyses of the Beavers Interactional Scales did not appear to support the model offered by its developers, namely, several specified family attributes contributing respectively to two global factors of Family Competence and Family Style. Moreover, regression analysis indicated that only three of 12 items predicted raters' assessments of Global Family Health, and one of seven items predicted Global Family Style. Individuals interested in the family dynamic h4833008432l7w/xxlarge8220.gif" alt="ldquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">centripetal/centrifugalh4833008432l7w/xxlarge8221.gif" alt="rdquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"> might best think of that as a unitary entity and rate it accordingly.     

Reflections on <Emphasis Type="Italic">The Passion of the Christ</Emphasis>

The purpose of this article is to offer pastoral reflections on the movie by Mel Gibson entitled The Passion of the Christ.     

Gender Role Stereotyping of Parents in Children’s Picture Books: The Invisible Father

Previous studies reveal the reinforcement of gender stereotypes by picture books children read during the formative years. In these books, boys tend to be portrayed as active leaders, and girls as passive followers. Women and girls are under-represented. Men often exhibit career skills, and women perform traditional tasks in the home. Even when careers are nontraditional, personality characteristics and other qualities and behaviors are often stereotypical. Previous researchers emphasized the narrowly defined roles of women and children in picture books. In this study, we focused on the representation of mothers and fathers, and examined whether men are stereotyped as relatively absent or inept parents. A content analysis of the gender roles exhibited in 200 prominent childrenh/xxlarge8217.gif" alt="rsquo" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">s picture books demonstrated that fathers are largely under-represented, and, when they do appear, they are withdrawn and ineffectual parents. Further research could establish whether seriously deficient models of fatherhood in childrenh/xxlarge8217.gif" alt="rsquo" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">s literature affect the incidence of present, caring fathers in society.     

Racial Differences in Responses to the Caregiver Strain Questionnaire

The aim of this study was to examine differences in responses to the Caregiver Strain Questionnaire (CGSQ) between African American and White caregivers of children with emotional and behavioral challenges. Significant item- and scale-level differences were detected across groups with African Americans consistently reporting less strain. We examined whether these differences were more likely due to nonequivalent measurement than to real differences in the experience of caregiver strain. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the model fit the data well for both racial groups, but there were some differences in structural components. Internal consistency was equivalent across the groups. In an examination of criterion validity, regression analyses showed that African American caregivers experienced a slower rate of increase in objective caregiver strain at a given increase in child internalizing problems. No other race differences were found in the regression analyses. In general, we conclude that the CGSQ can be useful for detecting caregiver strain and identifying family support needs for both White and African American caregivers. Differences across groups in reports of caregiver strain, however, call for more research on racial differences in the impact on the family of caring for a child with emotional and behavioral disorders.     

Can Muslims Befriend Non-Muslims? Debating al-walāʾ wa-al-barāʾ (Loyalty and Disavowal) in Theory and Practice

This article analyzes the polemic on the concept of al-walā? wa-al-barā? (commonly translated as “loyalty and disavowal”). While existing academic literature focuses on the usages of this concept by jihad activists, the article centers on the role “loyalty and disavowal” plays in debates between contemporary salafī and wasa?ī jurists and theologians, specifically in their conflicting agendas for Muslims living as minorities. Salafīs, relying on several qur'anic verses and Prophetic traditions, promote an understanding of “loyalty and disavowal” that requires Muslims to refrain from befriending or loving non-Muslims, or imitating their beliefs and customs. Relying on counter-verses and traditions, in particular Q 60.8, wasa?īs have interpreted the concept of “loyalty and disavowal” more narrowly, arguing that it applies only to non-Muslims who fight against Muslims; as part of their integration-oriented doctrine for Muslims in the West, they have in recent years dedicated considerable efforts to refuting the salafī interpretation of al-walā? wa-al-barā?. The article examines the juristic methodologies utilized in the debate, and how it has affected religious decisions (fatwās) on Islamic life in Western societies.     

Christianity in Iran: A Brief Survey

This article reviews the long and varied history of Christianity in the country now known as Iran. The historical emphasis is on the Assyrian Church of the East, although other churches are also mentioned. The relationship, successively, with Zoroastrianism and with Islam, as the dominant religious traditions, is discussed, as are its implications for the wider Islamic world. Western contacts with Iran, and, in particular, those of western churches, are also examined. In the light of this historical analysis, and from discussion of the situation since the Islamic Revolution, some conclusions are advanced about the prospects for Christianity in the new contemporary context.     

不规则几何图形识别的取样首视点研究

用实验方法对不规则几何图形的取样首视点进行研究。作业任务有认同与匹配二种,显示条件有良好与不良二种,显示方式有旋转与不旋转二种,绩效指标用反应时与错误指数二项。结果表明：首视点的分布是非均匀的,落在轮廓部位的概率最大,落在中央或某条特定边的概率极小。首视点分布的均匀度与作业难度有关,在作业难度较大的情况下,首视点分布趋于集中。多数情况下,首视点的置位对作业绩效的影响不大。     

Bounded contraction and Gentzen-style formulation of Łukasiewicz logics

In this paper, we consider multiplicative-additive fragments of affine propositional classical linear logic extended with n-contraction. To be specific, n-contraction (n h27034j43642/xxlarge10878.gif" alt="ges" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"> 2) is a version of the contraction rule where (n+ 1) occurrences of a formula may be contracted to n occurrences. We show that expansions of the linear models for (n + 1)- valued h27034j43642/xxlarge321.gif" alt="Lstrok" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">ukasiewicz logic are models for the multiplicative-additive classical linear logic, its affine version and their extensions with n-contraction. We prove the finite axiomatizability for the classes of finite models, as well as for the class of infinite linear models based on the set of rational numbers in the interval [0, 1]. The axiomatizations obtained in a Gentzen-style formulation are equivalent to finite and infinite-valued h27034j43642/xxlarge321.gif" alt="Lstrok" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">ukasiewicz logics.Presented by Jan Zygmunt