Con D. A. Norman

RESUMEN

J. J. Aparicio presenta a D. A. Norman como uno de los representantes más cualificados de lo que se ha dado en llamar “psicología cognitiva”, siendo uno de los primeros que rompieron con la tradición de Ebbinhaus al incorporar la investigación sobre la memoria. En esta entrevista el autor responde a cuestiones tales como la relación entre sus trabajos y los del resto de psicólogos cognitivos, las limitaciones de la psicología cognitiva en sus comienzos y el papel que ha desempeñado Chomsky y la lingüística en general en el desarrollo de ésta. Seguidamente nos explica qué entiende por esquema -cuestión en la que se ha centrado últimamente- y las diferencias entre la concepción piagetiana y la suya. También comenta el concepto de profundidad de procesamiento, la distinción entre memoria episódica y semántica y el estudio del control consciente e inconsciente. La última parte de la entrevista se centra en las relaciones entre el trabajo teórico y el experimental, finalizando con algunas alusiones al camino que deben seguir los psicólogos españoles para contribuir al desarrollo de su disciplina.     

The controversy around the concept of archetypes and the place for an emergent/developmental model

This paper addresses two key controversial questions to do with the concept of archetypes – do they operate autonomously without connection to an individual's personal life experience? Does their biological base mean they are genetically determined, innate and thus a priori inherited psychic structures? These questions are addressed through the case of a person who began life as an unwanted pregnancy, was adopted at birth and as an adult, experienced profound waking visions. An emergent/developmental model of archetype is outlined which stresses developmental start‐points through this infant's engagement via response and reaction to the affective and material world of the infant/birth mother matrix and from which emergence later occurs by way of participation in a socio‐cultural and material context. The emergentism aspect of this model rescues it from being reductionist since it allows for cultural and socialisation inputs. The model's explanatory power is vastly enlarged by combining this with the developmental component. Critically, once developmentally produced mind/brain (image schema) structures are in place, they have the capacity to generate psychological life. Imagery can then appear as if it is innately derived when that is not the case. The contemporary neuroscience which supports this model is both outlined and related back to the case example.     

Basic needs and complexes: similarities between feeling‐toned complexes,emotional schema and affective states

The aim of this paper is to examine feeling‐toned complexes from a developmental psychological perspective. From this perspective feeling‐toned complexes emerge when basic needs are not met. A very similar theory is put forward by Jeffery Young in his Schema Therapy (Young, Klosko, & Weishaar 2005). His basic needs concept, developed on the basis of empirical research, covers four basic needs which are: attachment, autonomy, and self‐worth, as well as play and spontaneity. My proposition is to deal with this conceptual view from a Jungian perspective insofar as we can integrate the four basic needs, however adding a fifth: the basic need for meaning in the theory of feeling‐toned complexes. Emotional schemas and feeling‐toned complexes are then comparable patterns. The strengths and weaknesses of Analytic Psychology compared to Jeffrey Young's schema therapy are further discussed. The foundation of the feeling‐toned complexes on unmet basic needs lends itself to including a further reference, namely Jaak Panksepp’s neuroscientific findings. Panksepp formulates seven basic affective systems which I discuss first, then I focus on what could be gained from the basic needs concept and finally I turn to the feeling‐complex in an attempt to integrate neuroscientific findings into complex theory.     

The image schema and innate archetypes: theoretical and clinical implications

Based in contemporary neuroscience, Jean Knox's 2004 JAP paper ‘From archetypes to reflective function’ honed her position on image schemas, thereby introducing a model for archetypes which sees them as ‘reliably repeated early developmental achievements’ and not as genetically inherited, innate psychic structures. The image schema model is used to illustrate how the analyst worked with a patient who began life as an unwanted pregnancy, was adopted at birth and as an adult experienced profound synchronicities, paranormal/telepathic phenomena and visions. The classical approach to such phenomena would see the intense affectivity arising out of a ruptured symbiotic mother‐infant relationship constellating certain archetypes which set up the patient's visions. This view is contrasted with Knox's model which sees the archetype an sich as a developmentally produced image schema underpinning the emergence of later imagery. The patient's visions can then be understood to arise from his psychoid body memory related to his traumatic conception and birth. The contemporary neuroscience which supports this view is outlined and a subsequent image schema explanation is presented. Clinically, the case material suggests that a pre‐birth perspective needs to be explored in all analytic work. Other implications of Knox's image schema model are summarized.     

Interacción social y nivel de conflicto sociocognoscitivo en la construcción del esquema de probabilidad

Resumen

En este estudio se analiza la influencia que la interacción social y el conflicto sociocognitivo tienen en la construcción del esquema de probabilidad por medio de un diseño pretest-intervención-postest.

Se muestra cómo las situaciones experimentales de interacción social con conflicto sociocognitivo producen mayores logros durante la fase de intervención, así como mayores avances cognitivos en el postest en el esquema de probabilidad que las condiciones de trabajo individual y las de interacción sin conflicto. Los progresos alcanzados en el postest para el esquema de probabilidad se generalizaron al esquema de proporciones.     

Entrevista con Sandra Bern

RESUMEN

En esta entrevista Bem comenta la relación entre sus aportaciones científicas -el estudio psicológico de los roles sexuales a nivel tanto instrumental como conceptual- y su compromiso personal a favor de unas relaciones más igualitarias entre las personas, ofreciendo una visión comprehensiva de su evolución profesional y personal y repasando las cuestiones más interesantes de la etapa de estudios sobre androginia (1974–1979) y de su actual enfoque cognitivo. Tras comenzar explicando su formación y trayectoria científica, así como las motivaciones que han guiado su trabajo, la autora realiza un análisis crítico del Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI). Seguidamente profundiza en diversos aspectos del concepto “androginia” acuñado por ella y explica las razones por las que a partir de 1979 los sujetos tipificados sexualmente se convierten en el blanco de su teoría sobre el esquema cognitivo del género, así como la caracterización de los conceptos masculinidad y/o feminidad como constructos cognitivos. La entrevista finaliza con algunas alusiones acerca de cómo educar a los niños de una “forma no esquemática” con respecto al género y señalando sus preocupaciones científicas más recientes en torno al concepto de género en los niños.