The problem: American education the solution: Use behavior analytic technology

In spite of numerous demonstrations that America's youth can be effectively educated with behavior analytic teaching techniques, few of the country's children are benefiting from the technology. In addition scholarly reviews of effective teaching strategies have often omitted reference to behavior analysis. One way to look at this problem is as a two-step operation. First, it is necessary to determine procedures that work; second it is necessary to devise strategies for effective dissemination. The present issue of JOBE (Vol. 1, No. 3, Sept. 1991) contains the recommendations of six outstanding behavioral educators as to how to deal with the dissemination problem. The initial article by Pumroy and McIntire describes the activities of an organization which trains school psychologists and teachers to use behavioral procedures and advocates for the techniques with a number of audiences. Next, Engelmann suggests that the public have more control over school activities and that legal action be taken against irresponsible administrative decisions. Hall advocates for less labor-intensive procedures and the sale of curricular materials based on behavioral principles. Binder proposes that dissemination of the technology become a private endeavor that responds to consumer needs. Rosenfield describes a collaborative model of consultation that increases treatment adherence. Finally, Albers and Greer describe research that isolates a key teacher behavior that results in greater academic proficiency.     

Dualism and its Importance for Medicine

Cartesian dualism has been viewed by medical theorists to be oneof the chief causes of a reductionist/mechanistic treatment ofthe patient. Although I aver that Cartesian dualism is one culprit for the misapprehension of the genuine treatment of patients in termsof both mind and body, I argue that interactive dualism whichstresses the interaction of mind and body is essential to treatpatients with dignity and compassion. Thus, adequate medical carethat is humanistic in nature is difficult (if not impossible)to achieve without physicians adhering to a dualistic frameworkin which the body and person is treated during illness.     

Interactions of persistent slip bands with a grain boundary on the common primary slip plane in a copper bicrystal

In this letter, the dislocation patterns on the common primary slip plane in a fatigued \[1-34]-\[182-7] copper bicrystal with a Sigma=19b grain boundary (GB) have been investigated using the electron channelling contrast technique in a scanning electron microscope. The results show that the two-phase dislocation structure, such as veins and persistent slip band (PSB) walls, embedded within veins, can be clearly seen on the common primary slip plane. In particular, the interactions of PSBs with the GB are clearly revealed. It is found that there are three kinds of interaction mode between the GB and the dislocations during cyclic deformation, and those are discussed. It is suggested that the dislocations carried by PSBs cannot transfer through the GB continuously even though the bicrystal has a common primary slip plane and its surface slip bands are continuous across the GB.     

工作记忆训练在精神疾病中的应用

随着工作记忆缺损与各类精神疾病的关联被逐渐阐明,研究者开始关注工作记忆训练能否作为干预手段应用在精神疾病领域中。当前,在对ADHD、精神分裂症、抑郁、焦虑、成瘾障碍和自闭症患者进行的工作记忆训练中发现了训练近迁移、远迁移以及临床症状缓解的相应证据,以及直接(通过提升工作记忆能力起效)和间接(通过提升其他关联能力起效)两条效益路径。此外,一个针对精神疾病患者的有效训练范式应当就三个层面进行考察:训练的一般成分(即受训的核心加工过程),训练的疾病特异成分(例如情绪工作记忆训练);以及训练的辅助性成分(例如动机、策略、慢波睡眠等)。未来研究需要关注适用不同精神疾病的训练范式与程序,促进工作记忆训练的定制化,并且通过完善评估手段进一步澄清工作记忆训练在病患中的效益机制。     

中药有效成分研究与中医现代化

中药有效成分的提取可以看作是炮制方法的延伸,有效成分的研究是中药现代化的关键,有助于探索中医理论的实质,可望为中医现代化打开缺口.     

策略型学习者认知心理结构及其运行机制

高效率学习是现代社会发展的需要,也是适应信息量急增的社会变革需要的必然选择。从教育心理学的视角研究策略型学习者,对其高效率学习心理,特别是高效率学习认知心理结构及其运行机制进行研究,有助于教育理论与实践工作者准确把握这类特殊教育对象的心理特点与规律,为开展策略型学习者教育提供了心理学依据。     

The Effects of Response Repetitions on Sight Word Acquisition for Students with Mild Disabilities

Single response learning trials, defined in terms of the three-term contingency model, were compared with repeated response learning trials. The purpose of Study 1 was to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of single and repeated response learning trials on sight word remediation. In Study 1, one single response learning trial having one response opportunity per word was compared to one repeated response learning trial having five response opportunities. In Study 2, three single response trials were compared to three repeated response trials. In both studies, the training conditions were compared using an alternating treatments design. Measuring the cumulative number of sight words mastered showed the training conditions equally effective. However, measuring (a) the mean duration of training sessions, (b) the cumulative frequency of words mastered per session duration, (c) the mean number of training sessions per word required for mastery, and (d) the training time per mastered word showed that the single response condition was more efficient. Discussion focuses on the need to include training data when determining best practices for teaching.     

大脑电刺激在听觉语言加工研究中的应用

大脑电刺激是历史悠久但近年来才广泛应用在人类被试上的实验技术。通过对颅内刺激位点进行电刺激, 并分析引发的暂时性行为功能变化和记录位点的电位活动, 大脑电刺激技术可以揭示认知加工过程中脑区内的功能作用与脑区间的有效连接。通过对听觉语言加工过程相关的丘脑、听觉皮层、高级语言皮层进行电刺激, 现有研究发现了各个脑区的不同功能特点以及不同脑区间的信息传递机制, 为进一步探索听觉语言加工的神经机制提供了新的视角。