Why do residents accept a demanding rule?: Fairness and social benefit as determinants of approval of a recycling system1,2

Abstract: This study examined why people accepted a demanding rule in a recycling system that was newly introduced in Nagoya City. We focused on two social psychological topics: social dilemmas and fairness. While the new system succeeded in reducing waste, it imposed a burden on citizens without providing incentives and sanctions. In a research survey, 1442 responses from a sample of 3000 (48% response rate) were obtained using a stratified sampling method. The results showed that the new recycling system was approved despite the demands placed on citizens, with a preference for more strict rules such as penalties and surveillance for noncompliance. The main determinants of approval of the new recycling system were social benefit and procedural fairness, whereas the main determinant of preference for strict rules was outcome fairness. We argue that (a) social benefit should be emphasized to facilitate cooperative behavior in a social dilemma situation and (b) the government should ensure sufficient discussion with citizens and acknowledgment of their opinions.     

The Challenges of Multiculturalism

Although the term multiculturalism is often understood on the public level as an ideology or as a social programme (to be ‘for’ or ‘against’), I argue in this paper that the term should also be understood to refer to the complex range of issues associated with cultural and religious diversity in society, and the social management of the challenges and opportunities such diversity offers. Understood in this sense, multiculturalism is not an optional extra, it is not something that a society can choose to have or avoid. For any country without closed borders then multiculturalism is a fact of today—it is present within the society. What is important are the social and political responses to the cultural and religious diversity that results from transnational flows and settlement of people. This introduction to the collection of papers highlights the need to understand multiculturalism as a process which is always contextual, and the role that state management of difference in the successful development of diversity plays.     

THE LIMITS TO PARTICIPATION IN DIS‐EQUILIBRIUM ECOLOGY: Maori involvement in habitat restoration within Te Urewera National Park

In this paper, we explore conceptualizations of ‘ordinary’ citizens common in public engagement forums on emerging technologies and assumptions from deliberative theory that ordinary people are more likely to be appropriately ‘changed’ through deliberative processes facilitated by experts. Looking at a large US public forum event [the National Citizens Technology Forum (NCTF)], we asked: What were the goals for this exercise and how did they shape conceptualizations of ordinariness and representativeness? Whose goals and conceptualizations were they? Were the engaged citizens ordinary and representative—and were they changed by the exercise? Our exploration revealed that exercise organizers conceived of ordinary citizens as people lacking science and technology backgrounds, without advocacy or business connections to the technologies at hand, and demographically reflecting the US population. Exercise materials also implied that ideal ordinary participants would lack strong opinions and emotions about these technologies. Actual NCTF participants, however, tended to be more educated, have higher incomes, and to be more liberal than the US public, and participants from all backgrounds had a range of relevant knowledge, experiences and opinions about science and technology. They were changed by the exercise in complex and conflicting ways—based as much on their own knowledge and reflections on relational dynamics as on exercise processes, interactions with experts, and information provided in the exercise. We argue that inadequately explored ideas about ordinary citizens are highly problematic. Further, invisible assumptions about what is ‘normal’ among experts and status quo institutions serve to reify the lay–expert divide that engagement exercises are intended to counteract.     

温州城市居民主观幸福感调查研究

运用中国城市居民主观幸福感量表（简版）和应付方式量表对425名温州城市居民的主观幸福感以及应付方式对主观幸福感的影响进行了调查研究,结果表明：温州城市居民的主观幸福感处于中等偏上水平,其年龄、受教育程度、健康状况、婚姻质量、家庭收入（自评）等对主观幸福感有主要影响;解决问题、求助等比较成熟的应付方式对主观幸福感有正面的影响,而自责、幻想、退避、合理化等相对不成熟的应付方式则对主观幸福感具有负面的影响。     

上海市民旅游收获调查研究

本研究采用自编的《旅游收获自我评价问卷》,对具有比较丰富的旅游经验的上海市民进行了调查研究。结果发现,上海市民普遍认为自己的旅游收获比较大;他们的旅游收获,主要包括自我发展与人际交往、认识自然与社会、自由行动与减轻压力和审美与放松心情等四种类型;上海市民的旅游收获,存在年龄与职业的显著性差异;根据旅游收获的大小,可以有效地预测上海市民的旅游行为。     

城市居民风险认知结构研究

尝试探索城市居民风险认知的结构。在深度访谈和文献整理的基础上,研究形成了23个项目的城市居民风险认知调查问卷。探索性因素分析表明城市居民的风险认知结构由5个因子构成,分别是:风险的可控性,风险的可见性,风险的可怕性,风险的可能性和风险的严重性,五个因子共解释了风险认知总变异的54.775%。信效度检验表明,各因子与总分的α系数在0.5799-0.8527之间,分半信度在0.5352-0.8420之间,各因子与总分的相关高于各因子间的相关,都达到了统计学的显著性,同时验证性因素分析也证实了该问卷的构想效度。     

From Bourdieu and Wolin, `Inside and Outside the Box': A Frame for the Special Issue

Utilizing the writings of Pierre Bourdieu and Sheldon Wolin,this paper introduces a special issue on ``Educational Rights andEntitlements.' Its purpose is to characterize and critique `the box ofliberalism' that both advances and constrains what is conceived andenacted in education. Following it are a set of significantcontributions from the sixth biennial conference of the InternationalNetwork of Philosophers of Education, August 1998, Ankara.     

Froebel and the Rise of Educational Theory in the United States

This contribution compares entries on Friedrich Froebel and the kindergarten in German and United States histories of education from 1857 to 1933. In the American histories, Froebel appears as the great hero of education of the 19th century, whereas in the German histories, Pestalozzi is the hero. This difference in the perspectives goes back to fundamental differences in the political culture and political traditions of the two countries, which differed greatly as to the shaping of the public and private spheres. Consequently, there were also different views on public education. In the immigration society of the United States, it was important to integrate children with various language and cultural backgrounds. As families could not do this alone, public kindergartens were needed. In Germany, in contrast, Froebels idea of the kindergarten was seen as an attack on family ties, and Pestalozzi was highly esteemed, because he made home education central. The American interest in making citizens produced Froebel as the hero; the German interest in leaving the education of young children to mothers and in the family lauded Pestalozzi. This case study of the reception of Froebel in Germany and the United States illustrates the high context-dependence of the construction of educational heroes.     

自尊自律自强——"私产入宪"后民企"人格"的自我提升

“私产入宪”意味着民企作为“权利主体”人格的真正确立。民企及其业主将以完全的独立人格参与社会主义市场经济建设 ,并将以“权利主体”的身份面对建设中国特色社会主义实践的要求 :由此 ,民企及其业主就应提升自己的人格境界 ,其突出的要求是 ,自尊 ,自律 ,自强。     

城市居民婚姻状况与主观幸福感关系的初步研究

本文在山东省范围内取样,对我国城市居民婚姻状况与主观幸福感的关系进行了初步研究,得出了与西方研究者不同的结论：从总体上看城市居民中无婚姻生活者主观幸福感高于有婚姻生活者,性别是影响城市居民婚姻状况与主观幸福感关系的重要因素,有婚姻生活的女性比没有婚姻生活的女性体验到更多的幸福感,而男性则恰恰相反。本文认为,在婚姻状况与主观幸福感关系方面表现出来的中西差异,与转型社会的婚姻价值观失衡有关,也反映了某种文化上的差异。