You’re looking for what? Comparing search for familiar,nameable objects to search for unfamiliar,novel objects

Searching for items in one’s environment often includes considerable reliance on semantic knowledge. The present study examines the importance of semantic information in visual and memory search, especially with respect to whether the items reside in long-term or working memory. In Experiment 1, participants engaged in hybrid visual memory search for items that were either highly familiar or novel. Importantly, the relatively large number of targets in this hybrid search task necessitated that targets be stored in some form of long-term memory. We found that search for familiar objects was more efficient than search for novel objects. In Experiment 2, we investigated search for familiar versus novel objects when the number of targets was low enough to be stored in working memory. We also manipulated how often participants in Experiment 2 were required to update their target (every trial vs. every block) in order to control for target templates that were stored in long-term memory as a result of repeated exposure over trials. We found no differences in search efficiency for familiar versus novel objects when templates were stored in working memory. Our results suggest that while semantic information may provide additional individuating features that are useful for object recognition in hybrid search, this information could be irrelevant or even distracting when searching for targets stored in working memory.     

活性蛋白C：想说爱你不容易

重组人类活性蛋白C（rhAPC）为治疗重症脓毒症的药物,目前有证据表明rhAPC的市场策略有可能已经影响到专业机构诊治指南的制定与执行;rhAPC的临床疗效亦未能被大型临床试验继续证实,因此目前rhAPC的临床应用以及疗效评价要慎重进行。同时,有必要深入反思药品生产商与专业组织的利益关系,并制订对策以加强监管。     

心肌保护新靶点——线粒体钙激活钾通道研究进展

心肌缺血再灌注损伤与线粒体有密切的关系。其中,位于线粒体的钾通道受到了人们的广泛关注。除了已被许多研究证明的线粒体ATP敏感钾通道参与心肌缺血再灌注的保护作用外,近年来研究发现的线粒体内膜钙激活钾通道也参与心肌保护作用,而国内相关研究报道很少。本文拟就心肌细胞线粒体上的钙激活钾通道结构、生物学特性和心脏缺血再灌注中的心肌保护作用进行简要阐述。     

Feeling activated and acting unethically: The influence of activated mood on unethical behavior to benefit a teammate

Research on the effects of mood in organizations tends to focus on the valence dimension of mood (positive vs. negative), overlooking the activation dimension (activated vs. deactivated). We suggest that activation level prompts unethical behavior. Based on the affective infusion model (AIM; Forgas, 1995), we predict that positive activated and negative activated moods facilitate unethical behavior to benefit a teammate, via the mediating mechanism of a creative mindset. We test our full model using an experience sampling method over 2 weeks, in which mood and creative mindset were assessed in the morning and unethical behavior conducted that day was assessed in the evening. We found that activated moods (both positive and negative) were positively related to unethical behavior to benefit a teammate. Further, creative mindset mediated the relationship between positive activated mood and unethical behavior to benefit a teammate. Consistent with AIM's claim that mood should influence decisions more when they are not personally relevant, we found that moral disengagement propensity moderated this indirect effect. In addition, we conducted two experiments to examine further the mood-creative mindset and creative mindset-unethical behavior to benefit a teammate relationship. Our findings affirm that activated versus deactivated moods facilitate a creative mindset, and that a creative mindset encourages unethical behavior to benefit a teammate. Our findings suggest that activation level of mood plays a critical role in unethical behavior.     

Understanding Personality through Patterns of Daily Socializing: Applying Recurrence Quantification Analysis to Naturalistically Observed Intensive Longitudinal Social Interaction Data

Ambulatory assessment methods provide a rich approach for studying daily behaviour. Too often, however, these data are analysed in terms of averages, neglecting patterning of this behaviour over time. This paper describes recurrence quantification analysis (RQA), a non-linear time series technique for analysing dynamic systems, as a method for analysing patterns of categorical, intensive longitudinal ambulatory assessment data. We apply RQA to objectively assessed social behaviour (e.g. talking to another person) coded from the Electronically Activated Recorder. Conceptual interpretations of RQA parameters, and an analysis of Electronically Activated Recorder data in adults going through a marital separation, are provided. Using machine learning techniques to avoid model overfitting, we find that adding RQA parameters to models that include just average amount of time spent talking (a static measure) improves prediction of four Big Five personality traits: extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, and openness. Our strongest results suggest that a combination of average amount of time spent talking and four RQA parameters yield an R² = .09 for neuroticism. Neuroticism is shown to be associated with shorter periods of extended conversation (periods of at least 12 minutes), demonstrating the utility of RQA to identify new relationships between personality and patterns of daily behaviour. Materials: https://osf.io/5nkr9/ . © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology     

Observation of planar stacking faults in a Ti-rich two-phase Ti-Al alloy after deformation at elevated temperatures

It is a common observation that in two-phase Ti-Al-based binary alloys, deformation of the gamma phase occurs by 1/2<110]-type ordinary dis-location activity and twinning associated with 1/6<112] type partials. In the present study the microstructure of a new Ti-Al-based alloy (Ti-47at.% Al-2at.%Mn-2at.%Nb+ 0.8 vol.% TiB₂) with a duplex microstructure consisting of primary equiaxed gamma grains and lamellar alpha₂+ gamma colonies was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) after deformation at elevated temperatures. Planar stacking faults were found in the gamma laths. A detailed contrast analysis by TEM shows that these planar stacking faults lying on {111} planes are bound by all the fcc variants of the Shockley partial dislocations of type 1/6<121>, in contrast with the observations in stoichiometric binary TiAl alloys, where only 1/6<112]-type Shockley partials are found to be associated with the true twins. It is proposed that the addition of ternary and quaternary elements such as Mn and Nb promotes the other variants of the fcc-like dissociations (not common in L1₀structure) in the present alloy.     

Is frequent sighing an indicator of dispositional negative emotionality? A multi-sample,multi-measure naturalistic-observation study

Sighing is a common nonverbal everyday behavior thought to signal the experiencing of negative emotions. Prior research from a small-scale study suggests that observed daily expressions of sighing is associated with subclinical depression (Robbins, Mehl, Holleran, & Kasle, 2011). This paper replicates and extends these findings, hypothesizing that individual differences in negative emotionality are associated with frequency of spontaneous sighing. Study 1 (N = 320) documents a strong lay assumption that frequent sighing signals dispositional negative emotionality. Study 2 estimates the actual association between daily sighing, assessed naturalistically using the Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR), and negative emotionality in a large, diverse, pooled sample (N = 469). Bayesian tests across six measures (neuroticism, depression, anxiety, stress, fatigue, loneliness) strongly support the null model. Together, results suggest the common intuition that people who sigh frequently experience more negative emotionality is inaccurate. Assessing whether an individual sighs more (or less) than others cannot be used to infer that they experience more negative emotions.     

作记忆同中心模型

回顾了同中心模型研究方法和近期研究结果,从工作记忆注意焦点容量、存储与加工关系及工作记忆容量个体差异等三方面阐述该模型的理论意义,通过与嵌套加工模型、多成分模型及Unsworth和Engle的工作记忆观点比较,分析该模型优势及不足。文末展望未来研究方向     

前瞻记忆的理论模型综述

前瞻记忆是相对于回溯记忆提出的一种特殊的长时记忆,是指记住在将来某个恰当的时间执行先前意向的行为。本文介绍了近年来研究者提出的前瞻记忆认知和提取机制的理论模型,并对其做了评述。最后,本文针对目前研究中的薄弱环节尝试性地提出了今后前瞻记忆研究进一步发展的方向。     

循证医学在ICU中的应用

循证医学(Evidence-Based Medicine,EBM)是指慎重、准确而明智地应用当前所能获得的最佳的研究证据,同时结合医生个人的专业技能和临床经验,并考虑患者的价值和愿望,将三者完美地结合起来制定出对患者最有利的临床决策。然而,ICU中的各项治疗措施常缺乏大规模随机对照试验(RCT)的证据;对于已经实施的RCT同样存在着概念方面的错误,尤其是很多被认为已经RCT验证过的措施实际上并无RCT的证据。尽管如此,但近年来我们终于在临床试验结果方面有了更多积极的进步,一些干预措施已被证明可改善患者的预后。