Effort is virtuous,but it's better to have ability: Evaluative responses to perceptions of effort and ability

Evaluative responses to imagined task outcomes were found to depend on the question asked, as well as on perceptions of effort and ability. When university students were asked when they would experience pride or shame, they indicated effort would increase pride over success and reduce shame over failure. On the other hand, when asked what type of person they would like to be they chose high ability regardless of outcome. This modified Weiner's (1972) statement of the relation of causal attributions and affective expression. Individual differences in responses to these questions related to differences in self-concept of ability. This result suggested extensions of the attributional analysis of achievement motivation.     

In search of psychoticism: Some conclusions revised

Two reports of a substantial relationship between Psychoticism, as measured by the E.P.Q. P-scale, and the trait of Impulsiveness prompted a reanalysis of data, part of which had already formed the basis for the conclusion that individual differences in measured Psychoticism could best be accounted for in terms of the trait of Conformity. The inclusion of Impulsiveness as a variable in the reference set leads to the conclusion that most of the variance of Psychoticism can indeed be accounted for in terms of Impulsiveness, although Conformity still makes a non-trivial contribution.