Data‐driven approaches to information access

This paper summarizes three lines of research that are motivated by the practical problem of helping users find information from external data sources, most notably computers. The application areas include information retrieval, text categorization, and question answering. A common theme in these applications is that practical information access problems can be solved by analyzing the statistical properties of words in large volumes of real world texts. The same statistical properties constrain human performance, thus we believe that solutions to practical information access problems can shed light on human knowledge representation and reasoning.     

Constrained classification: The use of a priori information in cluster analysis

In many classification problems, one often possesses external and/or internal information concerning the objects or units to be analyzed which makes it appropriate to impose constraints on the set of allowable classifications and their characteristics. CONCLUS, or CONstrained CLUStering, is a new methodology devised to perform constrained classification in either an overlapping or nonoverlapping (hierarchical or nonhierarchial) manner. This paper initially reviews the related classification literature. A discussion of the use of constraints in clustering problems is then presented. The CONCLUS model and algorithm are described in detail, as well as their flexibility for use in various applications. Monte Carlo results are presented for two synthetic data sets with appropriate discussion of the resulting implications. An illustration of CONCLUS is presented with respect to a sales territory design problem where the objects classified are various Forbes-500 companies. Finally, the discussion section highlights the main contribution of the paper and offers some areas for future research.We wish to thank C. Mallows and J. D. Carroll for some helpful technical discussion and L. Clark and D. Art for their valuable computer assistance. We also wish to thank H. Pollak, R. Gnanadesikan, and J. Kettenring for their thorough reviews of a previous draft of this paper. Finally, we acknowledge helpful comments of the editor and two anonymous reviewers.     

Safety of micro-mobility: Riders’ psychological factors and risky behaviors of cargo TTWs in China

Cargo two- or three-wheeled vehicles (TTWs), as a new form of micro-mobility, have become a popular mode of urban cargo transportation in China. Cargo TTW riders’ psychological factors and risky behaviors lead to a number of accidents. A questionnaire is designed by comprehensively considering these factors and behaviors of cargo TTW riders that includes eleven risk factors to quantitatively analyze the risky behaviors based on structural equation modeling (SEM). One thousand three hundred nineteen participants reported using cargo TTWs on a questionnaire distributed across the country. The characteristics of riding behavior data are analyzed to verify the three-layer risk theoretical framework of “Psychological factors (Personality traits/specific factors) - Psychological acceptability of risks (confidence/perception/attitude) - Risky behaviors”. The results show that anger has a strong direct effect on riding violations, while normlessness and altruism have a direct effect on riding errors. Workload has a weak but direct effect on risky behaviors, and riding feedback has a weak and mixed effect. In addition, high-risk groups are identified by analysis of variance (ANOVA) with rider population attributes. These quantitative analyses can help guide safety countermeasures to mitigate accidents involving cargo TTWs.     

Treating a Chronically Depressed Adolescent Female Using the Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy: A Case Study

A case is presented of an adolescent female with double depression who was treated using the Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP). CBASP is designed to teach a social problem-solving procedure called Situational Analysis (SA). Generalized treatment effects were measured through monitoring of diagnostic status, two administrations of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent, weekly administrations of the Child Depression Inventory, and acquisition performance ratings on the SA task. The results showed that CBASP appeared to be an effective treatment. The double depressive disorder remitted, and the patient learned to identify behavioral consequences as well as target and attain her interpersonal goals. CBASP can be effective for adolescents, although modifications of the adult form of the therapy may be necessary.     

医学伪科学产生的宗教学析因

我国以气功、人体科学名义出现的医学伪科学是一种宗教现象或准宗教,其组织形式为膜拜教团,教主与信徒之间是欺骗与被欺骗的关系。医学伪科学的产生有一定的文化学背景,对文化的过高评价造成中国传统文化的超科学假象。虽非真正的宗教,医学伪科学却可以填补宗教的空缺发挥替代作用,这是医学伪科学得以出现和发展的重要原因。     

“易象”新说——兼论《周易》原有《象经》问题

论文对古代典籍所载"易象"一名作了新的解读。认为所谓"易象",仅是当时《周易》的另一种称谓而已,它并不神秘;"易象"与今本《象传》没有直接联系,尚无渊源,《象传》"演德","易象""尊礼尚施",至汉代仍保存有以古礼诠释《周易》的传统;古代《周易》原有《象经》,或以《卦下易经》当之,惜已不传;但在清人的《易》著中,至今仍可见其传承的轨迹。     

青少年攻击行为与友谊质量的交叉滞后回归分析

该研究采用问卷法,对湖北省一所初级中学二年级青少年进行了一个学年的纵向追踪研究,使用Bjorkquist等人编制的直接和间接攻击量表(DIA)以及Parker和Asher编制的友谊质量问卷(FQQ)测查青少年的身体攻击和友谊质量。然后采用二元交叉滞后回归分析法考察了初中二、三年级学生在一个学年中的攻击行为与友谊质量(总问卷及分问卷得分)的关系。结果表明,在控制了前测"肯定与关心"得分后,身体攻击显著地负向预测了"肯定与关心"得分。在控制了前测的"冲突解决策略"得分后,攻击行为边缘显著地预测了后测的"冲突解决策略"得分。同时发现,后测"身体攻击"和"冲突与背叛"不存在显著的相关。