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Few studies have examined whether non-human tool-users understand the properties that are relevant for a tool's function.
We tested cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) on an expectancy violation procedure designed to assess whether these species make distinctions between the functionally
relevant and irrelevant features of a tool. Subjects watched an experimenter use a tool to push a grape down a ramp, and then
were presented with different displays in which the features of the original tool (shape, color, orientation) were selectively
varied. Results indicated that both species looked longer when a newly shaped stick acted on the grape than when a newly colored
stick performed the same action, suggesting that both species perceive shape as a more salient transformation than color.
In contrast, tamarins, but not rhesus, attended to changes in the tool's orientation. We propose that some non-human primates
begin with a predisposition to attend to a tool's shape and, with sufficient experience, develop a more sophisticated understanding
of the features that are functionally relevant to tools. 相似文献
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This study tests whether the face-processing system of humans and a nonhuman primate species share characteristics that would allow for early and quick processing of socially salient stimuli: a sensitivity toward conspecific faces, a sensitivity toward highly practiced face stimuli, and an ability to generalize changes in the face that do not suggest a new identity, such as a face differently oriented. The look rates by adult tamarins and humans toward conspecific and other primate faces were examined to determine if these characteristics are shared. A visual paired comparison (VPC) task presented subjects with either a human face, chimpanzee face, tamarin face, or an object as a sample, and then a pair containing the previous stimulus and a novel stimulus was presented. The stimuli were either presented all in an upright orientation, or all in an inverted orientation. The novel stimulus in the pair was either an orientation change of the same face/object or a new example of the same type of face/object, and the stimuli were shown either in an upright orientation or in an inverted orientation. Preference to novelty scores revealed that humans attended most to novel individual human faces, and this effect decreased significantly if the stimuli were inverted. Tamarins showed preferential looking toward novel orientations of previously seen tamarin faces in the upright orientation, but not in an inverted orientation. Similarly, their preference to look longer at novel tamarin and human faces within the pair was reduced significantly with inverted stimuli. The results confirmed prior findings in humans that novel human faces generate more attention in the upright than in the inverted orientation. The monkeys also attended more to faces of conspecifics, but showed an inversion effect to orientation change in tamarin faces and to identity changes in tamarin and human faces. The results indicate configural processing restricted to particular kinds of primate faces by a New World monkey species, with configural processing influenced by life experience (human faces and tamarin faces) and specialized to process orientation changes specific to conspecific faces. 相似文献
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Cotton top tamarins were tested in visible and invisible displacement tasks in a method similar to that used elsewhere to
test squirrel monkeys and orangutans. All subjects performed at levels significantly above chance on visible (n=8) and invisible (n=7) displacements, wherein the tasks included tests of the perseverance error, tests of memory in double and triple displacements,
and "catch" trials that tested for the use of the experimenter's hand as a cue for the correct cup. Performance on all nine
tasks was significantly higher than chance level selection of cups, and tasks using visible displacements generated more accurate
performance than tasks using invisible displacements. Performance was not accounted for by a practice effect based on exposure
to successive tasks. Results suggest that tamarins possess stage 6 object permanence capabilities, and that in a situation
involving brief exposure to tasks and foraging opportunities, tracking objects' movements and responding more flexibly are
abilities expressed readily by the tamarins.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
4.
Charles T. Snowdon 《Animal cognition》2001,4(3-4):247-257
Studies of vocal development in nonhuman primates have found little evidence for plasticity in vocal production, somewhat
more for usage of calls, with the greatest plasticity arising in response to calls of others. Generally, similar results were
obtained with callitrichid monkeys, the marmosets and tamarins, but with several interesting exceptions. Infant pygmy marmosets
show babbling behavior with improvement in adult call structure related to the amount and diversity of babbling. Adult marmosets
alter call structure in response to changes in social partners, and wild marmosets have vocal dialects and modify call structure
according to how far they are from other group members, suggesting the potential to modify call structure in different social
and environmental contexts, though direct learning of novel vocalizations has not been observed. Infant cotton-top tamarins
do not produce adult-like calls in appropriate contexts, at least in the first few months of life, but through food sharing
from adults infants learn about appropriate foods and the appropriate contexts for food vocalizations. Tamarins modify call
structure and usage with changes in social status. Tamarins, unlike other monkeys tested, can learn to avoid noxious foods
through observation of other group members, and can learn about novel food locations. Recent studies provide evidence of contextual
imitation in marmosets. The plasticity in vocal communication and evidence of social learning in marmosets and tamarins relative
to other monkeys may be related to the cooperative breeding system of marmosets and tamarins. With a high degree of behavioral
coordination among group members, there is a priority on monitoring signals and behavior of others and adjusting one's own
signals and behavior. This creates the context for vocal plasticity and social learning.
Accepted after revision: 23 May 2001
Electronic Publication 相似文献
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