母亲教养方式与青少年合作的关系

以860名小学、初中、高中学生为被试,从鼓励成就、鼓励独立、过度保护、接受性、拒绝、惩罚6个维度研究母亲教养方式与青少年合作意识、合作情感、合作策略、合作意图的关系。结果发现母亲教养方式与青少年合作的关系密切:(1)母亲的接受性越好,青少年合作意识越高。(2)在学习合作中,母亲的接受性越好,青少年的合作情感越高。(3)母亲的接受性预测青少年采用积极的合作策略;母亲的拒绝、过度保护,预测青少年采用消极的合作策略。4)母亲的惩罚和鼓励独立的教养方式与劳动合作中的利他意图有显著负相关,母亲接受性与青少年在劳动合作和课外合作中的利己意图有显著负相关。     

Infants discriminate manners and paths in non-linguistic dynamic events

Do 14- to 17-month-olds notice the paths and manners of motion events? English- and Spanish-learning infants were habituated to an animated motion event including a manner (e.g., spinning) and a path (e.g., over). They were then tested on four types of events that changed either the manner, the path, both, or neither component. Both English- and Spanish-learning infants attended to changes of manner and changes of path. Thus, infants from two different language communities proved sensitive to components of events that undergird relational term learning.     

The logic of how-questions

Philosophers and scientists are concerned with the why and the how of things. Questions like the following are so much grist for the philosopher’s and scientist’s mill: How can we be free and yet live in a deterministic universe?, How do neural processes give rise to conscious experience?, Why does conscious experience accompany certain physiological events at all?, How is a three-dimensional perception of depth generated by a pair of two-dimensional retinal images?. Since Belnap and Steel’s pioneering work on the logic of questions, Van Fraassen has managed to apply their approach in constructing an account of the logic of why-questions. Comparatively little, by contrast, has been written on the logic of how-questions despite the apparent centrality of questions such as How is it possible for us to be both free and determined? to philosophical enterprise.¹ In what follows I develop a logic for how-questions of various sorts including how-questions of cognitive resolution, how-questions of manner, how-questions of method, of means, and of mechanism.     

中西部农村中小学生所受抚养方式与心理健康水平的分析

通过对中西部地区农村中小学心理健康状况的调查,从中随机选取1600份问卷进行抽样分析,分析结果为接受不同抚养方式的中小学生,在孤独倾向、身体症状、冲动倾向及总体心理健康水平方面上具有显著差异。