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In recent years evidence has accumulated demonstrating that dogs are, to a degree, skilful in using human forms of communication, making them stand out in the animal kingdom. Neither man's closest relative, the chimpanzee, nor dog's closest living relative, the wolf, can use human communication as flexibly as the domestic dog. This has led to the hypothesis that dogs’ skills in this domain may be a result of selection pressures during domestication, which have shaped dogs’ skills tremendously. One hypothesis, the so-called by-product hypothesis, suggests that dogs have been selected against fear and aggression and as a by-product this paved the way for the evolution of generally more flexible social cognitive skills, which surpassed those of their ancestor, the wolf. Another hypothesis, the adaptation hypothesis, has claimed that dogs may have been specifically selected for certain tasks for which using human forms of communication was necessary. As of yet, the mechanism underlying dogs’ understanding of human forms of communication is not fully understood. We argue here that understanding the mechanism involved will also shed light on possible evolutionary scenarios. We argue that the evidence to date suggests that dogs’ understanding of human forms of communication may be more specialized than was predicted by some and may be best explained as the result of a special adaptation of dogs to the specific activities humans have used them for. 相似文献
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Learning contributes to the development of mutual mimicry in group mates. The aim of our study was to investigate whether
dogs would initiate walking a detour if they were repeatedly exposed to the detouring behaviour of their owner. Eight dog
owners were asked to modify their usual way of approaching their home at the end of their daily walks, namely, to make a short
detour before the entrance. Owners performed the detour at least 180 times, over a period of 3–6 months. During the first
30 detours (trials 1–30) all dogs followed the owner on the new route. Between trials 151 and 180, four dogs started to walk
the detour before the owner displayed any intention to walk in that direction in 50–93% of the cases. Further observations
that were carried out on one dog showed that the initialisation of the detours manifested sooner if a second familiar person
started to walk the detours. Interestingly, the dog persisted in initialising detours long after the owners stopped detouring.
We describe the observed phenomenon in the framework of social anticipation that manifests when an animal learns the proper sequence of an act performed by another animal, so that it can (1) predict
the action in this sequence, and (2) as a result start either a similar or a complementary action as a response. These observations
suggest that the dogs' social anticipation ability contributes to behavioural synchronisation and cooperative processes between
dog and owner.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
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《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2013,66(5):1004-1013
Prerecorded family dog (Canis familiaris) barks were played back to groups of congenitally sightless, sightless with prior visual experience, and sighted people (none of whom had ever owned a dog). We found that blind people without any previous canine visual experiences can categorize accurately various dog barks recorded in different contexts, and their results are very close to those of sighted people in characterizing the emotional content of barks. These findings suggest that humans can recognize some of the most important motivational states reflecting, for example, fear or aggression in a dog's bark without any visual experience. It is very likely that this result can be generalized to other mammalian species—that is, no visual experience of another individual is needed for recognizing some of the most important motivational states of the caller. 相似文献
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