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1.
Donald B. Headley 《Acta psychologica》1981,49(2):109-126
The process involved in recall from long-term memory were studied through the use of a general knowledge questionnaire and the technique of pupillometry. Degree of processing of the components of the retrieval process was inferred from second-by-second monitoring of pupil size. Measurements were recorded during subjects' attempts to retrieve the answer to the query, or if unsuccessful, from clues of the target (first and last letters), and if still unsuccessful, to recognize the presented target word as being associated with the question (the “Of course”, or “That's it!” experience). Pupil size differed according to the nature of the three task demands. Additionally, there were differences based on the type of outcome within the question trial (e.g., between target known but blocked — feeling-of-knowing/tip-of-tongue — and target not known), and the answer trial (recognize vs not recognize the question—answer relationship). The results were related to the search and decisional processes of retrieval. 相似文献
2.
Grover J Whitehurst Marsha Ironsmith Michael goldfein 《Journal of experimental child psychology》1974,17(2):288-302
Six 4- to 5-yr-old subjects were exposed to five sessions in which an adult model used passive sentences to describe a set of modeling stimuli. Probe stimuli, which the subjects were asked to describe without benefit of modeling and without selective reinforcement were interspersed among modeling stimuli. A matched group of control subjects received probletrials but no modeling trials. Both groups of subjects were subsequently tested on their ability to comprehend active and passive sentence forms. Every subject in the experimental group produced passive sentences on probe trials even though there was considerable variability in the number of passives produced. No control subject produced passives. The modeling procedure increased the comprehension scores of the experimental group above those of the control group though the scores of both groups were above chance. The results were contrasted with earlier studies in which modeling was ineffective in producing passive usage and in which comprehension of the passive was not demonstrated by even older children. 相似文献
3.
Development of a Tissue Engineered Heart Valve for Pediatrics: A Case Study in Bioengineering Ethics
Merryman WD 《Science and engineering ethics》2008,14(1):93-101
The following hypothetical case study was developed for bioengineering students and is concerned with choosing between two
devices used for development of a pediatric tissue engineered heart valve (TEHV). This case is intended to elicit assessment
of the devices, possible future outcomes, and ramifications of the decision making. It is framed in light of two predominant
ethical theories: utilitarianism and rights of persons. After the case was presented to bioengineering graduate students,
they voted on which device should be released. The results revealed that these bioengineering students preferred the more
reliable (and substantially more expensive) design, though this choice precludes the majority of the world from having access
to this technology. This case is intended to examine and explore where the balance lies between design, cost, and adequate
distribution of biomedical devices. 相似文献
4.
The Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior at fifty 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Laties VG 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2008,89(1):95-109
The Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior was founded in 1958 by a group of male psychologists, mainly from the northeastern USA and connected with either Harvard or Columbia. Fifty years later about 20% of both editors and authors reside outside this country and almost the same proportion is made up of women. Other changes in the journal include having its own website for more than a decade and now publishing online as well as on paper. A recent connection with PubMed Central of the National Library of Medicine has made possible the completely free electronic presentation of the entire archive of about 3,800 articles. 相似文献
5.
Malhar N. Kumar 《Journal of Academic Ethics》2008,6(3):211-228
Biomedical research has increased in magnitude over the last two decades. Increasing number of researchers has led to increase
in competition for scarce resources. Researchers have often tried to take the shortest route to success which may involve
performing fraudulent research. Science suffers from unethical research as much time, effort and cost is involved in exposing
fraud and setting the standards right. It is better for all students of science to be aware of the methods used in fraudulent
research so that such research can be detected early. Biomedical research is one area that seems to have attracted maximum
numbers of fraudulent researchers; hence this article devotes itself to biomedical research scenario. 相似文献
6.
7.
J. Scott Armstrong 《Science and engineering ethics》1997,3(1):63-84
This paper reviews the published empirical evidence concerning journal peer review consisting of 68 papers, all but three
published since 1975. Peer review improves quality, but its use to screen papers has met with limited success. Current procedures
to assure quality and fairness seem to discourage scientific advancement, especially important innovations, because findings
that conflict with current beliefs are often judged to have defects. Editors can use procedures to encourage the publication
of papers with innovative findings such as invited papers, early-acceptance procedures, author nominations of reviewers, structured
rating sheets, open peer review, results-blind review, and, in particular, electronic publication. Some journals are currently
using these procedures. The basic principle behind the proposals is to change the decision from whether to publish a paper
to how to publish it.
The author, a professor of marketing at the Wharton School since 1968, was a founder editor of the Journal of Forecasting and the International Journal of Forecasting.
This paper is based on a presentation at a workshop, “Advances in Peer Review Research”, American Association for the Advancement
of Science Meeting, Baltimore, MD, February 9, 1996. 相似文献
8.
AbstractAllocating access to unapproved COVID-19 drugs available via Pre-Approval Access pathways or Emergency Use Authorization raises unique challenges at the intersection of clinical care and research. In conditions of scarcity, prioritization approaches should minimize harm, maximize benefit, and promote fairness. To promote continued data collection, patients seeking access to unproven COVID-19 drugs should receive lower priority for allocation when they decline to participate in clinical trials, either of the requested drug or other investigational products, offering a comparable balance of risks and benefits; special attention should be paid to concerns of voluntariness and distrust. In addition, institutional treatment protocols that can contribute more robust real world data should be preferred to single patient requests for access, with priority for inclusion based on traditional clinical allocation criteria relying on available evidence. Fairness demands distribution of these protocols across a diverse range of sites, particularly those serving marginalized populations, among other protections. 相似文献
9.
Dagmar Lorenz-Meyer 《Science as culture》2018,27(2):151-174
With proliferating neoliberal modes of science governance, publishing has become more important. Recent studies point to researchers’ feeling of exhaustion and anxiety as responses to academic performance regimes. Yet how affects underpin publishing in scientific cultures and communities, and what this implies for STS scholarship has remained underexplored. Drawing on insights from ethnographic fieldwork and the cultural studies of affect, this article traces the role of emotions, including hope, contempt, and excitement for understanding the new academic productivist regime at a Czech research institution. While junior researchers’ orientations are fostered through rendering publications objects of hope, a moral-political economy intersects with geopolitical history and values of research organization to shape the publication practices of many senior scientists. An affective labor of combat and equanimity is necessary for managing these orientations that are corporeally energized by a dynamic of thrill. This four-pronged approach makes palpable how emotions render scientists’ bodies hopeful, combative and excited while intersecting with ideals of meritocratic research organization and assessment. Frustration and failure are never entirely absent but serve as an immanent driving force for a publishing culture that thrives on adrenaline, combativeness, and hope. This makes it difficult to leverage failures towards criticism of the academic productivist regime—both for the scientists differently affected within the institution and STS researchers. Different engagements with this regime require a more capacious accounting for the pleasure and thrill generated by the uncertainty of publication outcome as well as by unacknowledged practices of care. 相似文献
10.