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1.
An experiment was conducted to test the proposition that rewards undermine or enhance intrinsic interest in a task to the extent that individuals interpret their behavior as being motivated by the reward. It was predicted that when subjects were denied the opportunity to develop and confirm this attribution, rewards would not produce an undermining effect, but rather would enhance dispositions and behavior. Subjects were recruited to evaluate a new sugar-free soft drink. Two levels of incentives (reward-no reward), two levels of examination (opportunity-no opportunity), and three levels of outcome (good-neutral-poor) were employed. The results support the prediction that an incentive's effect depends on the examination opportunity. In the examination condition, rewarded subjects attributed their behavior more to external factors than did unrewarded subjects, but gave more negative product evaluations only after tasting it. In the no examination condition, there were no differences in the attributions made by rewarded and unrewarded subjects, and rewarded subjects were more positively disposed toward the product both before and after tasting it. These results are explained as a consequence of two properties of rewards, enhancement through reinforcement and undermining through discounting, and of hypothesis-testing processes. 相似文献
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吸收现代企业的人力资源管理思想是近年来公共行政部门人事管理工作的趋势。公共行政管理部门人力资源培训工作体系如何在先进的现代培训理念框架内实现为公共行政部门服务的针对性和有效性,是一个具有现实意义的问题。本文从培训目标、培训内容、培训方式、培训师资和评估激励5个方面探讨了公共行政管理部门干部教育培训管理工作的标准。 相似文献
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Madeline E Heilman 《Journal of experimental social psychology》1974,10(4):310-324
This study was designed to investigate the reputational consequences of making threats and promises and how they affect subsequent credibility. Eighty-eight high school girls were given predetermined information about the past behavior of their pairmates prior to receiving influence attempts from them. Each first learned that her pairmate had (1) threatened or promised in the past and then learned whether she had (2) fulfilled or failed to fulfill her threat or promise. The subject herself then received a threat or promise from her pairmate. As anticipated, threateners were viewed less favorably than promisers. These impressions were maintained when it was learned that commitments had been fulfilled, but altered decidedly when it was learned that they had not. Credibility or lack of it was found to generalize from threats to promises and from promises to threats only under some conditions. It was concluded that the fit between existing impressions and proclaimed future activity, not a person's record for past reliability, is often the critical determinant of whether or not she is judged to be credible. 相似文献
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Instruments, designed to assess values which affect the motivation to work and aspiration levels, were administered to over 600 Negro male seniors in Texas high schools. Results indicate that the degree and duration of school desegregation these students have experienced, ranging from less than 1 to more than 5 years, have had little effect on work values and occupational aspirations. 相似文献
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Eugene F Stone Daniel C Ganster Richard W Woodman Marcelline R Fusilier 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》1979,14(3):329-340
The present study examines the degree to which the Growth Need Strength scales (Job Choice and Would Like formats) of the Job Diagnostic Survey (Hackman & Oldham, Journal of Applied Psychology, 1975, 60, 159–170) correlate with (a) other measures of needs and values employed in research as moderators of the job scope-job satisfaction relationship and (b) a measure of social desirability. Results showed (a) only moderate correlations between the Growth Need Strength scales and the other measures of needs and values and (b) a relatively high degree of correlation between social desirability and the Would Like measure of Growth Need Strength. Implications of these findings for job design research are considered. 相似文献
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Saroj Parasuraman 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》1982,21(1):111-121
This study assesses the relative influence of personal, attitudinal, and behavioral variables on behavioral intentions and voluntary turnover among nonsupervisory plant workers. Results show that personal variables have little direct effect on turnover; rather, their influence on turnover is channeled through their effects on behavioral intentions. Felt stress, organizational commitment, and behavioral intentions are found to be the strongest predictors of voluntary job termination. Weak support is found for absenteeism as a precursor of eventual turnover. 相似文献
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Peter W Hom 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》1980,16(2):235-248
A within-person test of the expectancy model was made in the Army National Guard. Surveys were administered to 1169 Guardsmen in 29 National Guard units. Guardsmen were asked to compare National Guard duty with a civilian work alternative in terms of their instrumentality for various role outcomes. The perceived within-person difference between the two jobs significantly predicted intention to reenlist (r = .31) and actual reenlistment (r = .28). Further, including negative role outcomes in the expectancy model did not enhance its predictive power, and intrinsic role outcomes were not superior to extrinsic outcomes. Using a smaller set of idiosyncratic role outcomes considered important by the respondent resulted in higher validity than using a larger, standard list of outcomes. Also, equally weighting instrumentality perceptions generated higher levels of prediction than weighting instrumentalities differentially by valence measures. 相似文献
10.
管子“明正以治国”的行政理念中渗透着强烈的民本意识。他相齐四十年一直坚守着“操民之命,朝不可以无政”的信条,并且将政府组织结构的同一性定位在“操民之命”所反映的民众对政府的正当要求上。倘若说管子对“顺民心”的强调是在思虑政府应当如何正当地运用权威的话,那么,管子关于“操民之命,朝不可以无政”的告诫,就是在申明政府权威的必要性。然而,需要引起注意的是,管子对于政府权威结构的设计始终无法消除其高度中央集权、强化政府管制主张的统治色彩。 相似文献